Fix lint and MySQL test failures: remove unused function and fix UUID column type

Co-authored-by: unknwon <2946214+unknwon@users.noreply.github.com>
Replace XORM with GORM while maintaining functionality
2026-02-28 09:10:57 +01:00 · 2026-01-24 16:53:49 +00:00 · 2026-01-24 16:20:20 +00:00 · 2026-01-24 16:17:07 +00:00 · 2026-01-24 16:11:35 +00:00 · 2026-01-24 16:10:14 +00:00
23 changed files with 2325 additions and 2646 deletions
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -57,13 +57,11 @@ require (
 	gorm.io/gorm v1.25.12
 	modernc.org/sqlite v1.38.2
 	unknwon.dev/clog/v2 v2.2.0
-	xorm.io/builder v0.3.6
-	xorm.io/core v0.7.2
-	xorm.io/xorm v0.8.0
 )

 require (
 	bitbucket.org/creachadair/shell v0.0.7 // indirect
+	filippo.io/edwards25519 v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/Azure/go-ntlmssp v0.0.0-20221128193559-754e69321358 // indirect
 	github.com/aymerick/douceur v0.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1 // indirect
@@ -74,7 +72,6 @@ require (
 	github.com/cockroachdb/redact v1.1.5 // indirect
 	github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2 v2.0.7 // indirect
 	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 // indirect
-	github.com/denisenkom/go-mssqldb v0.12.0 // indirect
 	github.com/dgryski/go-rendezvous v0.0.0-20200823014737-9f7001d12a5f // indirect
 	github.com/djherbis/buffer v1.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/djherbis/nio/v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
@@ -86,7 +83,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/go-logr/stdr v1.2.2 // indirect
 	github.com/go-macaron/inject v0.0.0-20200308113650-138e5925c53b // indirect
 	github.com/go-redis/redis/v8 v8.11.5 // indirect
-	github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql v1.7.0 // indirect
+	github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql v1.8.1 // indirect
 	github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2 // indirect
 	github.com/golang-sql/civil v0.0.0-20220223132316-b832511892a9 // indirect
 	github.com/golang-sql/sqlexp v0.1.0 // indirect
@@ -104,13 +101,12 @@ require (
 	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.18.0 // indirect
 	github.com/kr/pretty v0.3.1 // indirect
 	github.com/kr/text v0.2.0 // indirect
-	github.com/lib/pq v1.10.2 // indirect
 	github.com/mattn/go-colorable v0.1.13 // indirect
 	github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20 // indirect
 	github.com/mattn/go-runewidth v0.0.14 // indirect
-	github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 v1.14.24 // indirect
+	github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 v1.14.32 // indirect
 	github.com/mcuadros/go-version v0.0.0-20190830083331-035f6764e8d2 // indirect
-	github.com/microsoft/go-mssqldb v0.17.0 // indirect
+	github.com/microsoft/go-mssqldb v1.8.2 // indirect
 	github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180306012644-bacd9c7ef1dd // indirect
 	github.com/modern-go/reflect2 v1.0.2 // indirect
 	github.com/munnerz/goautoneg v0.0.0-20191010083416-a7dc8b61c822 // indirect
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -1,33 +1,35 @@
 bitbucket.org/creachadair/shell v0.0.7 h1:Z96pB6DkSb7F3Y3BBnJeOZH2gazyMTWlvecSD4vDqfk=
 bitbucket.org/creachadair/shell v0.0.7/go.mod h1:oqtXSSvSYr4624lnnabXHaBsYW6RD80caLi2b3hJk0U=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.26.0/go.mod h1:aQUYkXzVsufM+DwF1aE+0xfcU+56JwCaLick0ClmMTw=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.34.0/go.mod h1:aQUYkXzVsufM+DwF1aE+0xfcU+56JwCaLick0ClmMTw=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.37.4/go.mod h1:NHPJ89PdicEuT9hdPXMROBD91xc5uRDxsMtSB16k7hw=
+filippo.io/edwards25519 v1.1.0 h1:FNf4tywRC1HmFuKW5xopWpigGjJKiJSV0Cqo0cJWDaA=
+filippo.io/edwards25519 v1.1.0/go.mod h1:BxyFTGdWcka3PhytdK4V28tE5sGfRvvvRV7EaN4VDT4=
 gitea.com/lunny/log v0.0.0-20190322053110-01b5df579c4e/go.mod h1:uJEsN4LQpeGYRCjuPXPZBClU7N5pWzGuyF4uqLpE/e0=
 gitea.com/lunny/nodb v0.0.0-20200923032308-3238c4655727/go.mod h1:h0OwsgcpJLSYtHcM5+Xciw9OEeuxi6ty4HDiO8C7aIY=
-github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore v0.19.0/go.mod h1:h6H6c8enJmmocHUbLiiGY6sx7f9i+X3m1CHdd5c6Rdw=
 github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore v1.0.0/go.mod h1:uGG2W01BaETf0Ozp+QxxKJdMBNRWPdstHG0Fmdwn1/U=
-github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azidentity v0.11.0/go.mod h1:HcM1YX14R7CJcghJGOYCgdezslRSVzqwLf/q+4Y2r/0=
+github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore v1.11.1 h1:E+OJmp2tPvt1W+amx48v1eqbjDYsgN+RzP4q16yV5eM=
+github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore v1.11.1/go.mod h1:a6xsAQUZg+VsS3TJ05SRp524Hs4pZ/AeFSr5ENf0Yjo=
 github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azidentity v1.0.0/go.mod h1:+6sju8gk8FRmSajX3Oz4G5Gm7P+mbqE9FVaXXFYTkCM=
-github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/internal v0.7.0/go.mod h1:yqy467j36fJxcRV2TzfVZ1pCb5vxm4BtZPUdYWe/Xo8=
+github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azidentity v1.6.0 h1:U2rTu3Ef+7w9FHKIAXM6ZyqF3UOWJZ12zIm8zECAFfg=
+github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azidentity v1.6.0/go.mod h1:9kIvujWAA58nmPmWB1m23fyWic1kYZMxD9CxaWn4Qpg=
 github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/internal v1.0.0/go.mod h1:eWRD7oawr1Mu1sLCawqVc0CUiF43ia3qQMxLscsKQ9w=
+github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/internal v1.8.0 h1:jBQA3cKT4L2rWMpgE7Yt3Hwh2aUj8KXjIGLxjHeYNNo=
+github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/internal v1.8.0/go.mod h1:4OG6tQ9EOP/MT0NMjDlRzWoVFxfu9rN9B2X+tlSVktg=
+github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/security/keyvault/azkeys v1.0.1 h1:MyVTgWR8qd/Jw1Le0NZebGBUCLbtak3bJ3z1OlqZBpw=
+github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/security/keyvault/azkeys v1.0.1/go.mod h1:GpPjLhVR9dnUoJMyHWSPy71xY9/lcmpzIPZXmF0FCVY=
+github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/security/keyvault/internal v1.0.0 h1:D3occbWoio4EBLkbkevetNMAVX197GkzbUMtqjGWn80=
+github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/security/keyvault/internal v1.0.0/go.mod h1:bTSOgj05NGRuHHhQwAdPnYr9TOdNmKlZTgGLL6nyAdI=
 github.com/Azure/go-ntlmssp v0.0.0-20221128193559-754e69321358 h1:mFRzDkZVAjdal+s7s0MwaRv9igoPqLRdzOLzw/8Xvq8=
 github.com/Azure/go-ntlmssp v0.0.0-20221128193559-754e69321358/go.mod h1:chxPXzSsl7ZWRAuOIE23GDNzjWuZquvFlgA8xmpunjU=
 github.com/AzureAD/microsoft-authentication-library-for-go v0.4.0/go.mod h1:Vt9sXTKwMyGcOxSmLDMnGPgqsUg7m8pe215qMLrDXw4=
+github.com/AzureAD/microsoft-authentication-library-for-go v1.2.2 h1:XHOnouVk1mxXfQidrMEnLlPk9UMeRtyBTnEFtxkV0kU=
+github.com/AzureAD/microsoft-authentication-library-for-go v1.2.2/go.mod h1:wP83P5OoQ5p6ip3ScPr0BAq0BvuPAvacpEuSzyouqAI=
 github.com/BurntSushi/toml v0.3.1/go.mod h1:xHWCNGjB5oqiDr8zfno3MHue2Ht5sIBksp03qcyfWMU=
 github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.5.0/go.mod h1:ukJfTF/6rtPPRCnwkur4qwRxa8vTRFBF0uk2lLoLwho=
 github.com/Masterminds/semver/v3 v3.4.0 h1:Zog+i5UMtVoCU8oKka5P7i9q9HgrJeGzI9SA1Xbatp0=
 github.com/Masterminds/semver/v3 v3.4.0/go.mod h1:4V+yj/TJE1HU9XfppCwVMZq3I84lprf4nC11bSS5beM=
-github.com/Shopify/sarama v1.19.0/go.mod h1:FVkBWblsNy7DGZRfXLU0O9RCGt5g3g3yEuWXgklEdEo=
-github.com/Shopify/toxiproxy v2.1.4+incompatible/go.mod h1:OXgGpZ6Cli1/URJOF1DMxUHB2q5Ap20/P/eIdh4G0pI=
-github.com/alecthomas/template v0.0.0-20160405071501-a0175ee3bccc/go.mod h1:LOuyumcjzFXgccqObfd/Ljyb9UuFJ6TxHnclSeseNhc=
-github.com/alecthomas/units v0.0.0-20151022065526-2efee857e7cf/go.mod h1:ybxpYRFXyAe+OPACYpWeL0wqObRcbAqCMya13uyzqw0=
 github.com/alexbrainman/sspi v0.0.0-20231016080023-1a75b4708caa h1:LHTHcTQiSGT7VVbI0o4wBRNQIgn917usHWOd6VAffYI=
 github.com/alexbrainman/sspi v0.0.0-20231016080023-1a75b4708caa/go.mod h1:cEWa1LVoE5KvSD9ONXsZrj0z6KqySlCCNKHlLzbqAt4=
-github.com/apache/thrift v0.12.0/go.mod h1:cp2SuWMxlEZw2r+iP2GNCdIi4C1qmUzdZFSVb+bacwQ=
 github.com/aymerick/douceur v0.2.0 h1:Mv+mAeH1Q+n9Fr+oyamOlAkUNPWPlA8PPGR0QAaYuPk=
 github.com/aymerick/douceur v0.2.0/go.mod h1:wlT5vV2O3h55X9m7iVYN0TBM0NH/MmbLnd30/FjWUq4=
-github.com/beorn7/perks v0.0.0-20180321164747-3a771d992973/go.mod h1:Dwedo/Wpr24TaqPxmxbtue+5NUziq4I4S80YR8gNf3Q=
 github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1 h1:VlbKKnNfV8bJzeqoa4cOKqO6bYr3WgKZxO8Z16+hsOM=
 github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1/go.mod h1:G2ZrVWU2WbWT9wwq4/hrbKbnv/1ERSJQ0ibhJ6rlkpw=
 github.com/boombuler/barcode v1.0.1-0.20190219062509-6c824513bacc h1:biVzkmvwrH8WK8raXaxBx6fRVTlJILwEwQGL1I/ByEI=
@@ -40,7 +42,6 @@ github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0/go.mod h1:VGX0DQ3Q6kWi7AoAeZDth3/j3BFtOZR5XL
 github.com/chzyer/logex v1.1.10/go.mod h1:+Ywpsq7O8HXn0nuIou7OrIPyXbp3wmkHB+jjWRnGsAI=
 github.com/chzyer/readline v0.0.0-20180603132655-2972be24d48e/go.mod h1:nSuG5e5PlCu98SY8svDHJxuZscDgtXS6KTTbou5AhLI=
 github.com/chzyer/test v0.0.0-20180213035817-a1ea475d72b1/go.mod h1:Q3SI9o4m/ZMnBNeIyt5eFwwo7qiLfzFZmjNmxjkiQlU=
-github.com/client9/misspell v0.3.4/go.mod h1:qj6jICC3Q7zFZvVWo7KLAzC3yx5G7kyvSDkc90ppPyw=
 github.com/cockroachdb/errors v1.12.0 h1:d7oCs6vuIMUQRVbi6jWWWEJZahLCfJpnJSVobd1/sUo=
 github.com/cockroachdb/errors v1.12.0/go.mod h1:SvzfYNNBshAVbZ8wzNc/UPK3w1vf0dKDUP41ucAIf7g=
 github.com/cockroachdb/logtags v0.0.0-20230118201751-21c54148d20b h1:r6VH0faHjZeQy818SGhaone5OnYfxFR/+AzdY3sf5aE=
@@ -60,9 +61,6 @@ github.com/cupcake/rdb v0.0.0-20161107195141-43ba34106c76/go.mod h1:vYwsqCOLxGii
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.0/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 h1:vj9j/u1bqnvCEfJOwUhtlOARqs3+rkHYY13jYWTU97c=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
-github.com/denisenkom/go-mssqldb v0.0.0-20190707035753-2be1aa521ff4/go.mod h1:zAg7JM8CkOJ43xKXIj7eRO9kmWm/TW578qo+oDO6tuM=
-github.com/denisenkom/go-mssqldb v0.12.0 h1:VtrkII767ttSPNRfFekePK3sctr+joXgO58stqQbtUA=
-github.com/denisenkom/go-mssqldb v0.12.0/go.mod h1:iiK0YP1ZeepvmBQk/QpLEhhTNJgfzrpArPY/aFvc9yU=
 github.com/derision-test/go-mockgen/v2 v2.1.1 h1:MXG9rzyvsrDBfa1a1GatvHjCrbmEug3hVt0rSOXipCw=
 github.com/derision-test/go-mockgen/v2 v2.1.1/go.mod h1:cDK2Y9IF5roTJgugWV23IvlOJsllhDN5zxRDN+g4cZo=
 github.com/dgryski/go-rendezvous v0.0.0-20200823014737-9f7001d12a5f h1:lO4WD4F/rVNCu3HqELle0jiPLLBs70cWOduZpkS1E78=
@@ -76,9 +74,6 @@ github.com/dnaeon/go-vcr v1.1.0/go.mod h1:M7tiix8f0r6mKKJ3Yq/kqU1OYf3MnfmBWVbPx/
 github.com/dnaeon/go-vcr v1.2.0/go.mod h1:R4UdLID7HZT3taECzJs4YgbbH6PIGXB6W/sc5OLb6RQ=
 github.com/dustin/go-humanize v1.0.1 h1:GzkhY7T5VNhEkwH0PVJgjz+fX1rhBrR7pRT3mDkpeCY=
 github.com/dustin/go-humanize v1.0.1/go.mod h1:Mu1zIs6XwVuF/gI1OepvI0qD18qycQx+mFykh5fBlto=
-github.com/eapache/go-resiliency v1.1.0/go.mod h1:kFI+JgMyC7bLPUVY133qvEBtVayf5mFgVsvEsIPBvNs=
-github.com/eapache/go-xerial-snappy v0.0.0-20180814174437-776d5712da21/go.mod h1:+020luEh2TKB4/GOp8oxxtq0Daoen/Cii55CzbTV6DU=
-github.com/eapache/queue v1.1.0/go.mod h1:6eCeP0CKFpHLu8blIFXhExK/dRa7WDZfr6jVFPTqq+I=
 github.com/editorconfig/editorconfig-core-go/v2 v2.6.3 h1:XVUp6qW3BIkmM3/1EkrHpa6bL56APOynfXcZEmIgOhs=
 github.com/editorconfig/editorconfig-core-go/v2 v2.6.3/go.mod h1:ThHVc+hqbUsmE1wmK/MASpQEhCleWu1JDJDNhUOMy0c=
 github.com/edsrzf/mmap-go v1.0.0/go.mod h1:YO35OhQPt3KJa3ryjFM5Bs14WD66h8eGKpfaBNrHW5M=
@@ -96,10 +91,8 @@ github.com/go-asn1-ber/asn1-ber v1.5.8-0.20250403174932-29230038a667 h1:BP4M0CvQ
 github.com/go-asn1-ber/asn1-ber v1.5.8-0.20250403174932-29230038a667/go.mod h1:hEBeB/ic+5LoWskz+yKT7vGhhPYkProFKoKdwZRWMe0=
 github.com/go-errors/errors v1.4.2 h1:J6MZopCL4uSllY1OfXM374weqZFFItUbrImctkmUxIA=
 github.com/go-errors/errors v1.4.2/go.mod h1:sIVyrIiJhuEF+Pj9Ebtd6P/rEYROXFi3BopGUQ5a5Og=
-github.com/go-kit/kit v0.8.0/go.mod h1:xBxKIO96dXMWWy0MnWVtmwkA9/13aqxPnvrjFYMA2as=
 github.com/go-ldap/ldap/v3 v3.4.11 h1:4k0Yxweg+a3OyBLjdYn5OKglv18JNvfDykSoI8bW0gU=
 github.com/go-ldap/ldap/v3 v3.4.11/go.mod h1:bY7t0FLK8OAVpp/vV6sSlpz3EQDGcQwc8pF0ujLgKvM=
-github.com/go-logfmt/logfmt v0.3.0/go.mod h1:Qt1PoO58o5twSAckw1HlFXLmHsOX5/0LbT9GBnD5lWE=
 github.com/go-logr/logr v1.2.2/go.mod h1:jdQByPbusPIv2/zmleS9BjJVeZ6kBagPoEUsqbVz/1A=
 github.com/go-logr/logr v1.2.3 h1:2DntVwHkVopvECVRSlL5PSo9eG+cAkDCuckLubN+rq0=
 github.com/go-logr/logr v1.2.3/go.mod h1:jdQByPbusPIv2/zmleS9BjJVeZ6kBagPoEUsqbVz/1A=
@@ -128,14 +121,10 @@ github.com/go-macaron/toolbox v0.0.0-20190813233741-94defb8383c6/go.mod h1:YFNJ/
 github.com/go-redis/redis/v8 v8.11.5 h1:AcZZR7igkdvfVmQTPnu9WE37LRrO/YrBH5zWyjDC0oI=
 github.com/go-redis/redis/v8 v8.11.5/go.mod h1:gREzHqY1hg6oD9ngVRbLStwAWKhA0FEgq8Jd4h5lpwo=
 github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql v1.4.1/go.mod h1:zAC/RDZ24gD3HViQzih4MyKcchzm+sOG5ZlKdlhCg5w=
-github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql v1.7.0 h1:ueSltNNllEqE3qcWBTD0iQd3IpL/6U+mJxLkazJ7YPc=
 github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql v1.7.0/go.mod h1:OXbVy3sEdcQ2Doequ6Z5BW6fXNQTmx+9S1MCJN5yJMI=
-github.com/go-stack/stack v1.8.0/go.mod h1:v0f6uXyyMGvRgIKkXu+yp6POWl0qKG85gN/melR3HDY=
+github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql v1.8.1 h1:LedoTUt/eveggdHS9qUFC1EFSa8bU2+1pZjSRpvNJ1Y=
+github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql v1.8.1/go.mod h1:wEBSXgmK//2ZFJyE+qWnIsVGmvmEKlqwuVSjsCm7DZg=
 github.com/go-task/slim-sprig v0.0.0-20210107165309-348f09dbbbc0/go.mod h1:fyg7847qk6SyHyPtNmDHnmrv/HOrqktSC+C9fM+CJOE=
-github.com/go-xorm/sqlfiddle v0.0.0-20180821085327-62ce714f951a h1:9wScpmSP5A3Bk8V3XHWUcJmYTh+ZnlHVyc+A4oZYS3Y=
-github.com/go-xorm/sqlfiddle v0.0.0-20180821085327-62ce714f951a/go.mod h1:56xuuqnHyryaerycW3BfssRdxQstACi0Epw/yC5E2xM=
-github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.1.1/go.mod h1:r8qH/GZQm5c6nD/R0oafs1akxWv10x8SbQlK7atdtwQ=
-github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.2.0/go.mod h1:r8qH/GZQm5c6nD/R0oafs1akxWv10x8SbQlK7atdtwQ=
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@@ -151,17 +140,16 @@ github.com/gogs/go-libravatar v0.0.0-20191106065024-33a75213d0a0/go.mod h1:Zas3B
 github.com/gogs/minwinsvc v0.0.0-20170301035411-95be6356811a h1:8DZwxETOVWIinYxDK+i6L+rMb7eGATGaakD6ZucfHVk=
 github.com/gogs/minwinsvc v0.0.0-20170301035411-95be6356811a/go.mod h1:TUIZ+29jodWQ8Gk6Pvtg4E09aMsc3C/VLZiVYfUhWQU=
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-github.com/golang/glog v0.0.0-20160126235308-23def4e6c14b/go.mod h1:SBH7ygxi8pfUlaOkMMuAQtPIUF8ecWP5IEl/CR7VP2Q=
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@@ -175,8 +163,6 @@ github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.0/go.mod h1:FsONVRAS9T7sI+LIUmWTfcYkHO4aIWwzhcaS
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@@ -189,8 +175,6 @@ github.com/google/go-github v17.0.0+incompatible/go.mod h1:zLgOLi98H3fifZn+44m+u
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@@ -198,18 +182,14 @@ github.com/google/uuid v1.1.1/go.mod h1:TIyPZe4MgqvfeYDBFedMoGGpEw/LqOeaOT+nhxU+
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@@ -255,17 +235,13 @@ github.com/jinzhu/now v1.1.5 h1:/o9tlHleP7gOFmsnYNz3RGnqzefHA47wQpKrrdTIwXQ=
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@@ -275,10 +251,7 @@ github.com/kr/text v0.2.0 h1:5Nx0Ya0ZqY2ygV366QzturHI13Jq95ApcVaJBhpS+AY=
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@@ -298,16 +271,16 @@ github.com/mattn/go-runewidth v0.0.14/go.mod h1:Jdepj2loyihRzMpdS35Xk/zdY8IAYHsh
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@@ -319,7 +292,6 @@ github.com/msteinert/pam v1.2.0 h1:mYfjlvN2KYs2Pb9G6nb/1f/nPfAttT/Jee5Sq9r3bGE=
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@@ -349,17 +321,15 @@ github.com/onsi/gomega v1.17.0/go.mod h1:HnhC7FXeEQY45zxNK3PPoIUhzk/80Xly9PcubAl
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 github.com/pkg/errors v0.8.1/go.mod h1:bwawxfHBFNV+L2hUp1rHADufV3IMtnDRdf1r5NINEl0=
 github.com/pkg/errors v0.9.1 h1:FEBLx1zS214owpjy7qsBeixbURkuhQAwrK5UwLGTwt4=
 github.com/pkg/errors v0.9.1/go.mod h1:bwawxfHBFNV+L2hUp1rHADufV3IMtnDRdf1r5NINEl0=
@@ -367,22 +337,14 @@ github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 h1:4DBwDE0NGyQoBHbLQYPwSUPoCMWR5BEzIk/f1lZb
 github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0/go.mod h1:iKH77koFhYxTK1pcRnkKkqfTogsbg7gZNVY4sRDYZ/4=
 github.com/pquerna/otp v1.5.0 h1:NMMR+WrmaqXU4EzdGJEE1aUUI0AMRzsp96fFFWNPwxs=
 github.com/pquerna/otp v1.5.0/go.mod h1:dkJfzwRKNiegxyNb54X/3fLwhCynbMspSyWKnvi1AEg=
-github.com/prometheus/client_golang v0.9.1/go.mod h1:7SWBe2y4D6OKWSNQJUaRYU/AaXPKyh/dDVn+NZz0KFw=
-github.com/prometheus/client_golang v0.9.3-0.20190127221311-3c4408c8b829/go.mod h1:p2iRAGwDERtqlqzRXnrOVns+ignqQo//hLXqYxZYVNs=
 github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.23.0 h1:ust4zpdl9r4trLY/gSjlm07PuiBq2ynaXXlptpfy8Uc=
 github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.23.0/go.mod h1:i/o0R9ByOnHX0McrTMTyhYvKE4haaf2mW08I+jGAjEE=
-github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.0.0-20180712105110-5c3871d89910/go.mod h1:MbSGuTsp3dbXC40dX6PRTWyKYBIrTGTE9sqQNg2J8bo=
-github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.0.0-20190115171406-56726106282f/go.mod h1:MbSGuTsp3dbXC40dX6PRTWyKYBIrTGTE9sqQNg2J8bo=
 github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.2 h1:oBsgwpGs7iVziMvrGhE53c/GrLUsZdHnqNwqPLxwZyk=
 github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.2/go.mod h1:y3m2F6Gdpfy6Ut/GBsUqTWZqCUvMVzSfMLjcu6wAwpE=
-github.com/prometheus/common v0.2.0/go.mod h1:TNfzLD0ON7rHzMJeJkieUDPYmFC7Snx/y86RQel1bk4=
 github.com/prometheus/common v0.65.0 h1:QDwzd+G1twt//Kwj/Ww6E9FQq1iVMmODnILtW1t2VzE=
 github.com/prometheus/common v0.65.0/go.mod h1:0gZns+BLRQ3V6NdaerOhMbwwRbNh9hkGINtQAsP5GS8=
-github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.0.0-20181005140218-185b4288413d/go.mod h1:c3At6R/oaqEKCNdg8wHV1ftS6bRYblBhIjjI8uT2IGk=
-github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.0.0-20190117184657-bf6a532e95b1/go.mod h1:c3At6R/oaqEKCNdg8wHV1ftS6bRYblBhIjjI8uT2IGk=
 github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.16.1 h1:hZ15bTNuirocR6u0JZ6BAHHmwS1p8B4P6MRqxtzMyRg=
 github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.16.1/go.mod h1:teAbpZRB1iIAJYREa1LsoWUXykVXA1KlTmWl8x/U+Is=
-github.com/rcrowley/go-metrics v0.0.0-20181016184325-3113b8401b8a/go.mod h1:bCqnVzQkZxMG4s8nGwiZ5l3QUCyqpo9Y+/ZMZ9VjZe4=
 github.com/remyoudompheng/bigfft v0.0.0-20230129092748-24d4a6f8daec h1:W09IVJc94icq4NjY3clb7Lk8O1qJ8BdBEF8z0ibU0rE=
 github.com/remyoudompheng/bigfft v0.0.0-20230129092748-24d4a6f8daec/go.mod h1:qqbHyh8v60DhA7CoWK5oRCqLrMHRGoxYCSS9EjAz6Eo=
 github.com/rivo/uniseg v0.2.0 h1:S1pD9weZBuJdFmowNwbpi7BJ8TNftyUImj/0WQi72jY=
@@ -404,7 +366,6 @@ github.com/siddontang/go v0.0.0-20180604090527-bdc77568d726/go.mod h1:3yhqj7WBBf
 github.com/siddontang/go-snappy v0.0.0-20140704025258-d8f7bb82a96d/go.mod h1:vq0tzqLRu6TS7Id0wMo2N5QzJoKedVeovOpHjnykSzY=
 github.com/siddontang/ledisdb v0.0.0-20190202134119-8ceb77e66a92/go.mod h1:mF1DpOSOUiJRMR+FDqaqu3EBqrybQtrDDszLUZ6oxPg=
 github.com/siddontang/rdb v0.0.0-20150307021120-fc89ed2e418d/go.mod h1:AMEsy7v5z92TR1JKMkLLoaOQk++LVnOKL3ScbJ8GNGA=
-github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.2.0/go.mod h1:LxeOpSwHxABJmUn/MG1IvRgCAasNZTLOkJPxbbu5VWo=
 github.com/smartystreets/assertions v0.0.0-20180927180507-b2de0cb4f26d/go.mod h1:OnSkiWE9lh6wB0YB77sQom3nweQdgAjqCqsofrRNTgc=
 github.com/smartystreets/assertions v0.0.0-20190116191733-b6c0e53d7304/go.mod h1:OnSkiWE9lh6wB0YB77sQom3nweQdgAjqCqsofrRNTgc=
 github.com/smartystreets/assertions v1.0.1 h1:voD4ITNjPL5jjBfgR/r8fPIIBrliWrWHeiJApdr3r4w=
@@ -418,11 +379,9 @@ github.com/sourcegraph/run v0.12.0/go.mod h1:PwaP936BTnAJC1cqR5rSbG5kOs/EWStTK3l
 github.com/ssor/bom v0.0.0-20170718123548-6386211fdfcf h1:pvbZ0lM0XWPBqUKqFU8cmavspvIl9nulOYwdy6IFRRo=
 github.com/ssor/bom v0.0.0-20170718123548-6386211fdfcf/go.mod h1:RJID2RhlZKId02nZ62WenDCkgHFerpIOmW0iT7GKmXM=
 github.com/stretchr/objx v0.1.0/go.mod h1:HFkY916IF+rwdDfMAkV7OtwuqBVzrE8GR6GFx+wExME=
-github.com/stretchr/objx v0.1.1/go.mod h1:HFkY916IF+rwdDfMAkV7OtwuqBVzrE8GR6GFx+wExME=
 github.com/stretchr/objx v0.4.0/go.mod h1:YvHI0jy2hoMjB+UWwv71VJQ9isScKT/TqJzVSSt89Yw=
 github.com/stretchr/objx v0.5.0/go.mod h1:Yh+to48EsGEfYuaHDzXPcE3xhTkx73EhmCGUpEOglKo=
 github.com/stretchr/objx v0.5.2/go.mod h1:FRsXN1f5AsAjCGJKqEizvkpNtU+EGNCLh3NxZ/8L+MA=
-github.com/stretchr/testify v1.2.2/go.mod h1:a8OnRcib4nhh0OaRAV+Yts87kKdq0PP7pXfy6kDkUVs=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.3.0/go.mod h1:M5WIy9Dh21IEIfnGCwXGc5bZfKNJtfHm1UVUgZn+9EI=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.4.0/go.mod h1:j7eGeouHqKxXV5pUuKE4zz7dFj8WfuZ+81PSLYec5m4=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.5.1/go.mod h1:5W2xD1RspED5o8YsWQXVCued0rvSQ+mT+I5cxcmMvtA=
@@ -448,11 +407,8 @@ github.com/urfave/cli v1.22.17 h1:SYzXoiPfQjHBbkYxbew5prZHS1TOLT3ierW8SYLqtVQ=
 github.com/urfave/cli v1.22.17/go.mod h1:b0ht0aqgH/6pBYzzxURyrM4xXNgsoT/n2ZzwQiEhNVo=
 github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.1.27/go.mod h1:3hX8gzYuyVAZsxl0MRgGTJEmQBFcNTphYh9decYSb74=
 github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.2.1/go.mod h1:3hX8gzYuyVAZsxl0MRgGTJEmQBFcNTphYh9decYSb74=
-github.com/ziutek/mymysql v1.5.4 h1:GB0qdRGsTwQSBVYuVShFBKaXSnSnYYC2d9knnE1LHFs=
-github.com/ziutek/mymysql v1.5.4/go.mod h1:LMSpPZ6DbqWFxNCHW77HeMg9I646SAhApZ/wKdgO/C0=
 go.bobheadxi.dev/streamline v1.2.1 h1:IqKSA1TbeuDqCzYNAwtlh8sqf3tsQus8XgJdkCWFT8c=
 go.bobheadxi.dev/streamline v1.2.1/go.mod h1:yJsVXOSBFLgAKvsnf6WmIzmB2A65nWqkR/sRNxJPa74=
-go.opencensus.io v0.20.1/go.mod h1:6WKK9ahsWS3RSO+PY9ZHZUfv2irvY6gN279GOPZjmmk=
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.11.0 h1:kfToEGMDq6TrVrJ9Vht84Y8y9enykSZzDDZglV0kIEk=
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.11.0/go.mod h1:H2KtuEphyMvlhZ+F7tg9GRhAOe60moNx61Ex+WmiKkk=
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.11.0 h1:ZnKIL9V9Ztaq+ME43IUi/eo22mNsb6a7tGfzaOWB5fo=
@@ -461,9 +417,7 @@ go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.11.0 h1:20U/Vj42SX+mASlXLmSGBg6jpI1jQtv682lZtT
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.11.0/go.mod h1:nyYjis9jy0gytE9LXGU+/m1sHTKbRY0fX0hulNNDP1U=
 go.uber.org/goleak v1.3.0 h1:2K3zAYmnTNqV73imy9J1T3WC+gmCePx2hEGkimedGto=
 go.uber.org/goleak v1.3.0/go.mod h1:CoHD4mav9JJNrW/WLlf7HGZPjdw8EucARQHekz1X6bE=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20180904163835-0709b304e793/go.mod h1:6SG95UA2DQfeDnfUPMdvaQW0Q7yPrPDi9nlGo2tz2b4=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190308221718-c2843e01d9a2/go.mod h1:djNgcEr1/C05ACkg1iLfiJU5Ep61QUkGW8qpdssI0+w=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190325154230-a5d413f7728c/go.mod h1:djNgcEr1/C05ACkg1iLfiJU5Ep61QUkGW8qpdssI0+w=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190605123033-f99c8df09eb5/go.mod h1:yigFU9vqHzYiE8UmvKecakEJjdnWj3jj499lnFckfCI=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190701094942-4def268fd1a4/go.mod h1:yigFU9vqHzYiE8UmvKecakEJjdnWj3jj499lnFckfCI=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20191011191535-87dc89f01550/go.mod h1:yigFU9vqHzYiE8UmvKecakEJjdnWj3jj499lnFckfCI=
@@ -474,23 +428,13 @@ golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20220511200225-c6db032c6c88/go.mod h1:IxCIyHEi3zRg3s0
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20221005025214-4161e89ecf1b/go.mod h1:IxCIyHEi3zRg3s0A5j5BB6A9Jmi73HwBIUl50j+osU4=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.45.0 h1:jMBrvKuj23MTlT0bQEOBcAE0mjg8mK9RXFhRH6nyF3Q=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.45.0/go.mod h1:XTGrrkGJve7CYK7J8PEww4aY7gM3qMCElcJQ8n8JdX4=
-golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190121172915-509febef88a4/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL+f9T1iT9GByDxfZKAQTCR3kQA=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20250620022241-b7579e27df2b h1:M2rDM6z3Fhozi9O7NWsxAkg/yqS/lQJ6PmkyIV3YP+o=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20250620022241-b7579e27df2b/go.mod h1:3//PLf8L/X+8b4vuAfHzxeRUl04Adcb341+IGKfnqS8=
-golang.org/x/lint v0.0.0-20181026193005-c67002cb31c3/go.mod h1:UVdnD1Gm6xHRNCYTkRU2/jEulfH38KcIWyp/GAMgvoE=
-golang.org/x/lint v0.0.0-20190227174305-5b3e6a55c961/go.mod h1:wehouNa3lNwaWXcvxsM5YxQ5yQlVC4a0KAMCusXpPoU=
-golang.org/x/lint v0.0.0-20190301231843-5614ed5bae6f/go.mod h1:UVdnD1Gm6xHRNCYTkRU2/jEulfH38KcIWyp/GAMgvoE=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.2.0/go.mod h1:s0Qsj1ACt9ePp/hMypM3fl4fZqREWJwdYDEqhRiZZUA=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.3.0/go.mod h1:s0Qsj1ACt9ePp/hMypM3fl4fZqREWJwdYDEqhRiZZUA=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.29.0 h1:HV8lRxZC4l2cr3Zq1LvtOsi/ThTgWnUk/y64QSs8GwA=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.29.0/go.mod h1:NyhrlYXJ2H4eJiRy/WDBO6HMqZQ6q9nk4JzS3NuCK+w=
-golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20180724234803-3673e40ba225/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
-golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20180826012351-8a410e7b638d/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20180906233101-161cd47e91fd/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
-golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20181114220301-adae6a3d119a/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
-golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190108225652-1e06a53dbb7e/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
-golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190125091013-d26f9f9a57f3/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
-golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190213061140-3a22650c66bd/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190311183353-d8887717615a/go.mod h1:t9HGtf8HONx5eT2rtn7q6eTqICYqUVnKs3thJo3Qplg=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190404232315-eb5bcb51f2a3/go.mod h1:t9HGtf8HONx5eT2rtn7q6eTqICYqUVnKs3thJo3Qplg=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190603091049-60506f45cf65/go.mod h1:HSz+uSET+XFnRR8LxR5pz3Of3rY3CfYBVs4xY44aLks=
@@ -501,28 +445,18 @@ golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20200520004742-59133d7f0dd7/go.mod h1:qpuaurCH72eLCgpAm/
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20201010224723-4f7140c49acb/go.mod h1:sp8m0HH+o8qH0wwXwYZr8TS3Oi6o0r6Gce1SSxlDquU=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20201021035429-f5854403a974/go.mod h1:sp8m0HH+o8qH0wwXwYZr8TS3Oi6o0r6Gce1SSxlDquU=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210428140749-89ef3d95e781/go.mod h1:OJAsFXCWl8Ukc7SiCT/9KSuxbyM7479/AVlXFRxuMCk=
-golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210610132358-84b48f89b13b/go.mod h1:9nx3DQGgdP8bBQD5qxJ1jj9UTztislL4KSBs9R2vV5Y=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20211112202133-69e39bad7dc2/go.mod h1:9nx3DQGgdP8bBQD5qxJ1jj9UTztislL4KSBs9R2vV5Y=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20220425223048-2871e0cb64e4/go.mod h1:CfG3xpIq0wQ8r1q4Su4UZFWDARRcnwPjda9FqA0JpMk=
 golang.org/x/net v0.47.0 h1:Mx+4dIFzqraBXUugkia1OOvlD6LemFo1ALMHjrXDOhY=
 golang.org/x/net v0.47.0/go.mod h1:/jNxtkgq5yWUGYkaZGqo27cfGZ1c5Nen03aYrrKpVRU=
-golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20180821212333-d2e6202438be/go.mod h1:N/0e6XlmueqKjAGxoOufVs8QHGRruUQn6yWY3a++T0U=
-golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20190226205417-e64efc72b421/go.mod h1:gOpvHmFTYa4IltrdGE7lF6nIHvwfUNPOp7c8zoXwtLw=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20180314180146-1d60e4601c6f/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20181108010431-42b317875d0f/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20181221193216-37e7f081c4d4/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20190227155943-e225da77a7e6/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20190423024810-112230192c58/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20190911185100-cd5d95a43a6e/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20201020160332-67f06af15bc9/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.9.0/go.mod h1:Czt+wKu1gCyEFDUtn0jG5QVvpJ6rzVqr5aXyt9drQfk=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.18.0 h1:kr88TuHDroi+UVf+0hZnirlk8o8T+4MrK6mr60WkH/I=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.18.0/go.mod h1:9KTHXmSnoGruLpwFjVSX0lNNA75CykiMECbovNTZqGI=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20180830151530-49385e6e1522/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20180905080454-ebe1bf3edb33/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20180909124046-d0be0721c37e/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20181116152217-5ac8a444bdc5/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20181122145206-62eef0e2fa9b/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190215142949-d0b11bdaac8a/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190222072716-a9d3bda3a223/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190412213103-97732733099d/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
@@ -557,19 +491,13 @@ golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20210927222741-03fcf44c2211/go.mod h1:jbD1KX2456YbFQfuX
 golang.org/x/term v0.37.0 h1:8EGAD0qCmHYZg6J17DvsMy9/wJ7/D/4pV/wfnld5lTU=
 golang.org/x/term v0.37.0/go.mod h1:5pB4lxRNYYVZuTLmy8oR2BH8dflOR+IbTYFD8fi3254=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.0/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
-golang.org/x/text v0.3.1-0.20180807135948-17ff2d5776d2/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.2/go.mod h1:bEr9sfX3Q8Zfm5fL9x+3itogRgK3+ptLWKqgva+5dAk=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.3/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.6/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.7/go.mod h1:u+2+/6zg+i71rQMx5EYifcz6MCKuco9NR6JIITiCfzQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.31.0 h1:aC8ghyu4JhP8VojJ2lEHBnochRno1sgL6nEi9WGFGMM=
 golang.org/x/text v0.31.0/go.mod h1:tKRAlv61yKIjGGHX/4tP1LTbc13YSec1pxVEWXzfoeM=
-golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20181108054448-85acf8d2951c/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20180828015842-6cd1fcedba52/go.mod h1:n7NCudcB/nEzxVGmLbDWY5pfWTLqBcC2KZ6jyYvM4mQ=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20180917221912-90fa682c2a6e/go.mod h1:n7NCudcB/nEzxVGmLbDWY5pfWTLqBcC2KZ6jyYvM4mQ=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20190114222345-bf090417da8b/go.mod h1:n7NCudcB/nEzxVGmLbDWY5pfWTLqBcC2KZ6jyYvM4mQ=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20190226205152-f727befe758c/go.mod h1:9Yl7xja0Znq3iFh3HoIrodX9oNMXvdceNzlUR8zjMvY=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20190312170243-e65039ee4138/go.mod h1:LCzVGOaR6xXOjkQ3onu1FJEFr0SW1gC7cKk1uF8kGRs=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20190328211700-ab21143f2384/go.mod h1:LCzVGOaR6xXOjkQ3onu1FJEFr0SW1gC7cKk1uF8kGRs=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20190606124116-d0a3d012864b/go.mod h1:/rFqwRUd4F7ZHNgwSSTFct+R/Kf4OFW1sUzUTQQTgfc=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20190802220118-1d1727260058/go.mod h1:jcCCGcm9btYwXyDqrUWc6MKQKKGJCWEQ3AfLSRIbEuI=
@@ -583,17 +511,8 @@ golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20190717185122-a985d3407aa7/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8T
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191011141410-1b5146add898/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191204190536-9bdfabe68543/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20200804184101-5ec99f83aff1/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
-google.golang.org/api v0.3.1/go.mod h1:6wY9I6uQWHQ8EM57III9mq/AjF+i8G65rmVagqKMtkk=
-google.golang.org/appengine v1.1.0/go.mod h1:EbEs0AVv82hx2wNQdGPgUI5lhzA/G0D9YwlJXL52JkM=
-google.golang.org/appengine v1.4.0/go.mod h1:xpcJRLb0r/rnEns0DIKYYv+WjYCduHsrkT7/EB5XEv4=
-google.golang.org/appengine v1.6.0/go.mod h1:xpcJRLb0r/rnEns0DIKYYv+WjYCduHsrkT7/EB5XEv4=
 google.golang.org/appengine v1.6.1/go.mod h1:i06prIuMbXzDqacNJfV5OdTW448YApPu5ww/cMBSeb0=
 google.golang.org/appengine v1.6.7/go.mod h1:8WjMMxjGQR8xUklV/ARdw2HLXBOI7O7uCIDZVag1xfc=
-google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20180817151627-c66870c02cf8/go.mod h1:JiN7NxoALGmiZfu7CAH4rXhgtRTLTxftemlI0sWmxmc=
-google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20190307195333-5fe7a883aa19/go.mod h1:VzzqZJRnGkLBvHegQrXjBqPurQTc5/KpmUdxsrq26oE=
-google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20190404172233-64821d5d2107/go.mod h1:VzzqZJRnGkLBvHegQrXjBqPurQTc5/KpmUdxsrq26oE=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.17.0/go.mod h1:6QZJwpn2B+Zp71q/5VxRsJ6NXXVCE5NRUHRo+f3cWCs=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.19.0/go.mod h1:mqu4LbDTu4XGKhr4mRzUsmM4RtVoemTSY81AxZiDr8c=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v0.0.0-20200109180630-ec00e32a8dfd/go.mod h1:DFci5gLYBciE7Vtevhsrf46CRTquxDuWsQurQQe4oz8=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v0.0.0-20200221191635-4d8936d0db64/go.mod h1:kwYJMbMJ01Woi6D6+Kah6886xMZcty6N08ah7+eCXa0=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v0.0.0-20200228230310-ab0ca4ff8a60/go.mod h1:cfTl7dwQJ+fmap5saPgwCLgHXTUD7jkjRqWcaiX5VyM=
@@ -606,7 +525,6 @@ google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.6 h1:z1NpPI8ku2WgiWnf+t9wTPsn6eP1L7ksHUlkfLvd9x
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.6/go.mod h1:jduwjTPXsFjZGTmRluh+L6NjiWu7pchiJ2/5YcXBHnY=
 gopkg.in/DATA-DOG/go-sqlmock.v2 v2.0.0-20180914054222-c19298f520d0 h1:/21c4hNFgj8A1D54vgJZwQlywp64/RUBHzlPdpy5h4s=
 gopkg.in/DATA-DOG/go-sqlmock.v2 v2.0.0-20180914054222-c19298f520d0/go.mod h1:0uueny64T996pN6bez2N3S8HWyPcpyfTPma8Wc1Awx4=
-gopkg.in/alecthomas/kingpin.v2 v2.2.6/go.mod h1:FMv+mEhP44yOT+4EoQTLFTRgOQ1FBLkstjWtayDeSgw=
 gopkg.in/alexcesaro/quotedprintable.v3 v3.0.0-20150716171945-2caba252f4dc h1:2gGKlE2+asNV9m7xrywl36YYNnBG5ZQ0r/BOOxqPpmk=
 gopkg.in/alexcesaro/quotedprintable.v3 v3.0.0-20150716171945-2caba252f4dc/go.mod h1:m7x9LTH6d71AHyAX77c9yqWCCa3UKHcVEj9y7hAtKDk=
 gopkg.in/bufio.v1 v1.0.0-20140618132640-567b2bfa514e h1:wGA78yza6bu/mWcc4QfBuIEHEtc06xdiU0X8sY36yUU=
@@ -656,9 +574,6 @@ gorm.io/gorm v1.24.0/go.mod h1:DVrVomtaYTbqs7gB/x2uVvqnXzv0nqjB396B8cG4dBA=
 gorm.io/gorm v1.25.2-0.20230530020048-26663ab9bf55/go.mod h1:L4uxeKpfBml98NYqVqwAdmV1a2nBtAec/cf3fpucW/k=
 gorm.io/gorm v1.25.12 h1:I0u8i2hWQItBq1WfE0o2+WuL9+8L21K9e2HHSTE/0f8=
 gorm.io/gorm v1.25.12/go.mod h1:xh7N7RHfYlNc5EmcI/El95gXusucDrQnHXe0+CgWcLQ=
-honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.0-20180728063816-88497007e858/go.mod h1:rf3lG4BRIbNafJWhAfAdb/ePZxsR/4RtNHQocxwk9r4=
-honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.0-20190102054323-c2f93a96b099/go.mod h1:rf3lG4BRIbNafJWhAfAdb/ePZxsR/4RtNHQocxwk9r4=
-honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.0-20190106161140-3f1c8253044a/go.mod h1:rf3lG4BRIbNafJWhAfAdb/ePZxsR/4RtNHQocxwk9r4=
 modernc.org/cc/v4 v4.26.2 h1:991HMkLjJzYBIfha6ECZdjrIYz2/1ayr+FL8GN+CNzM=
 modernc.org/cc/v4 v4.26.2/go.mod h1:uVtb5OGqUKpoLWhqwNQo/8LwvoiEBLvZXIQ/SmO6mL0=
 modernc.org/ccgo/v4 v4.28.0 h1:rjznn6WWehKq7dG4JtLRKxb52Ecv8OUGah8+Z/SfpNU=
@@ -689,9 +604,3 @@ mvdan.cc/gofumpt v0.4.0 h1:JVf4NN1mIpHogBj7ABpgOyZc65/UUOkKQFkoURsz4MM=
 mvdan.cc/gofumpt v0.4.0/go.mod h1:PljLOHDeZqgS8opHRKLzp2It2VBuSdteAgqUfzMTxlQ=
 unknwon.dev/clog/v2 v2.2.0 h1:jkPdsxux0MC04BT/9NHbT75z4prK92SH10VBNmIpVCc=
 unknwon.dev/clog/v2 v2.2.0/go.mod h1:zvUlyibDHI4mykYdWyWje2G9nF/nBzfDOqRo2my4mWc=
-xorm.io/builder v0.3.6 h1:ha28mQ2M+TFx96Hxo+iq6tQgnkC9IZkM6D8w9sKHHF8=
-xorm.io/builder v0.3.6/go.mod h1:LEFAPISnRzG+zxaxj2vPicRwz67BdhFreKg8yv8/TgU=
-xorm.io/core v0.7.2 h1:mEO22A2Z7a3fPaZMk6gKL/jMD80iiyNwRrX5HOv3XLw=
-xorm.io/core v0.7.2/go.mod h1:jJfd0UAEzZ4t87nbQYtVjmqpIODugN6PD2D9E+dJvdM=
-xorm.io/xorm v0.8.0 h1:iALxgJrX8O00f8Jk22GbZwPmxJNgssV5Mv4uc2HL9PM=
-xorm.io/xorm v0.8.0/go.mod h1:ZkJLEYLoVyg7amJK/5r779bHyzs2AU8f8VMiP6BM7uY=
--- a/internal/database/attachment.go
+++ b/internal/database/attachment.go
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import (

 	"github.com/cockroachdb/errors"
 	gouuid "github.com/satori/go.uuid"
-	"xorm.io/xorm"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"

 	"gogs.io/gogs/internal/conf"
 	"gogs.io/gogs/internal/errutil"
@@ -19,25 +19,26 @@ import (
 // Attachment represent a attachment of issue/comment/release.
 type Attachment struct {
 	ID        int64
-	UUID      string `xorm:"uuid UNIQUE"`
-	IssueID   int64  `xorm:"INDEX"`
+	UUID      string `gorm:"column:uuid;type:varchar(191);uniqueIndex"`
+	IssueID   int64  `gorm:"index"`
 	CommentID int64
-	ReleaseID int64 `xorm:"INDEX"`
+	ReleaseID int64 `gorm:"index"`
 	Name      string

-	Created     time.Time `xorm:"-" json:"-" gorm:"-"`
+	Created     time.Time `gorm:"-" json:"-"`
 	CreatedUnix int64
 }

-func (a *Attachment) BeforeInsert() {
-	a.CreatedUnix = time.Now().Unix()
+func (a *Attachment) BeforeCreate(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+	if a.CreatedUnix == 0 {
+		a.CreatedUnix = tx.NowFunc().Unix()
+	}
+	return nil
 }

-func (a *Attachment) AfterSet(colName string, _ xorm.Cell) {
-	switch colName {
-	case "created_unix":
-		a.Created = time.Unix(a.CreatedUnix, 0).Local()
-	}
+func (a *Attachment) AfterFind(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+	a.Created = time.Unix(a.CreatedUnix, 0).Local()
+	return nil
 }

 // AttachmentLocalPath returns where attachment is stored in local file system based on given UUID.
@@ -74,7 +75,7 @@ func NewAttachment(name string, buf []byte, file multipart.File) (_ *Attachment,
 		return nil, errors.Newf("copy: %v", err)
 	}

-	if _, err := x.Insert(attach); err != nil {
+	if err := db.Create(attach).Error; err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

@@ -100,60 +101,60 @@ func (ErrAttachmentNotExist) NotFound() bool {
 	return true
 }

-func getAttachmentByUUID(e Engine, uuid string) (*Attachment, error) {
-	attach := &Attachment{UUID: uuid}
-	has, err := e.Get(attach)
+func getAttachmentByUUID(e *gorm.DB, uuid string) (*Attachment, error) {
+	attach := &Attachment{}
+	err := e.Where("uuid = ?", uuid).First(attach).Error
 	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
+			return nil, ErrAttachmentNotExist{args: map[string]any{"uuid": uuid}}
+		}
 		return nil, err
-	} else if !has {
-		return nil, ErrAttachmentNotExist{args: map[string]any{"uuid": uuid}}
 	}
 	return attach, nil
 }

-func getAttachmentsByUUIDs(e Engine, uuids []string) ([]*Attachment, error) {
+func getAttachmentsByUUIDs(e *gorm.DB, uuids []string) ([]*Attachment, error) {
 	if len(uuids) == 0 {
 		return []*Attachment{}, nil
 	}

-	// Silently drop invalid uuids.
 	attachments := make([]*Attachment, 0, len(uuids))
-	return attachments, e.In("uuid", uuids).Find(&attachments)
+	return attachments, e.Where("uuid IN ?", uuids).Find(&attachments).Error
 }

 // GetAttachmentByUUID returns attachment by given UUID.
 func GetAttachmentByUUID(uuid string) (*Attachment, error) {
-	return getAttachmentByUUID(x, uuid)
+	return getAttachmentByUUID(db, uuid)
 }

-func getAttachmentsByIssueID(e Engine, issueID int64) ([]*Attachment, error) {
+func getAttachmentsByIssueID(e *gorm.DB, issueID int64) ([]*Attachment, error) {
 	attachments := make([]*Attachment, 0, 5)
-	return attachments, e.Where("issue_id = ? AND comment_id = 0", issueID).Find(&attachments)
+	return attachments, e.Where("issue_id = ? AND comment_id = 0", issueID).Find(&attachments).Error
 }

 // GetAttachmentsByIssueID returns all attachments of an issue.
 func GetAttachmentsByIssueID(issueID int64) ([]*Attachment, error) {
-	return getAttachmentsByIssueID(x, issueID)
+	return getAttachmentsByIssueID(db, issueID)
 }

-func getAttachmentsByCommentID(e Engine, commentID int64) ([]*Attachment, error) {
+func getAttachmentsByCommentID(e *gorm.DB, commentID int64) ([]*Attachment, error) {
 	attachments := make([]*Attachment, 0, 5)
-	return attachments, e.Where("comment_id=?", commentID).Find(&attachments)
+	return attachments, e.Where("comment_id = ?", commentID).Find(&attachments).Error
 }

 // GetAttachmentsByCommentID returns all attachments of a comment.
 func GetAttachmentsByCommentID(commentID int64) ([]*Attachment, error) {
-	return getAttachmentsByCommentID(x, commentID)
+	return getAttachmentsByCommentID(db, commentID)
 }

-func getAttachmentsByReleaseID(e Engine, releaseID int64) ([]*Attachment, error) {
+func getAttachmentsByReleaseID(e *gorm.DB, releaseID int64) ([]*Attachment, error) {
 	attachments := make([]*Attachment, 0, 10)
-	return attachments, e.Where("release_id = ?", releaseID).Find(&attachments)
+	return attachments, e.Where("release_id = ?", releaseID).Find(&attachments).Error
 }

 // GetAttachmentsByReleaseID returns all attachments of a release.
 func GetAttachmentsByReleaseID(releaseID int64) ([]*Attachment, error) {
-	return getAttachmentsByReleaseID(x, releaseID)
+	return getAttachmentsByReleaseID(db, releaseID)
 }

 // DeleteAttachment deletes the given attachment and optionally the associated file.
@@ -171,7 +172,7 @@ func DeleteAttachments(attachments []*Attachment, remove bool) (int, error) {
 			}
 		}

-		if _, err := x.Delete(a); err != nil {
+		if err := db.Delete(a).Error; err != nil {
 			return i, err
 		}
 	}
--- a/internal/database/backup.go
+++ b/internal/database/backup.go
@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@ import (
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
 	"gorm.io/gorm/schema"
 	log "unknwon.dev/clog/v2"
-	"xorm.io/core"
-	"xorm.io/xorm"

 	"gogs.io/gogs/internal/conf"
 	"gogs.io/gogs/internal/osutil"
@@ -122,19 +120,19 @@ func dumpLegacyTables(ctx context.Context, dirPath string, verbose bool) error {
 			log.Trace("Dumping table %q...", tableName)
 		}

-		tableFile := filepath.Join(dirPath, tableName+".json")
-		f, err := os.Create(tableFile)
-		if err != nil {
-			return errors.Newf("create JSON file: %v", err)
-		}
+		err := func() error {
+			tableFile := filepath.Join(dirPath, tableName+".json")
+			f, err := os.Create(tableFile)
+			if err != nil {
+				return errors.Wrap(err, "create JSON file")
+			}
+			defer func() { _ = f.Close() }()

-		if err = x.Context(ctx).Asc("id").Iterate(table, func(idx int, bean any) (err error) {
-			return jsoniter.NewEncoder(f).Encode(bean)
-		}); err != nil {
-			_ = f.Close()
-			return errors.Newf("dump table '%s': %v", tableName, err)
+			return dumpTable(ctx, db, table, f)
+		}()
+		if err != nil {
+			return errors.Wrapf(err, "dump table %q", tableName)
 		}
-		_ = f.Close()
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -229,8 +227,6 @@ func importTable(ctx context.Context, db *gorm.DB, table any, r io.Reader) error
 }

 func importLegacyTables(ctx context.Context, dirPath string, verbose bool) error {
-	snakeMapper := core.SnakeMapper{}
-
 	skipInsertProcessors := map[string]bool{
 		"mirror":    true,
 		"milestone": true,
@@ -255,9 +251,9 @@ func importLegacyTables(ctx context.Context, dirPath string, verbose bool) error
 			log.Trace("Importing table %q...", tableName)
 		}

-		if err := x.DropTables(table); err != nil {
+		if err := db.WithContext(ctx).Migrator().DropTable(table); err != nil {
 			return errors.Newf("drop table %q: %v", tableName, err)
-		} else if err = x.Sync2(table); err != nil {
+		} else if err = db.WithContext(ctx).Migrator().AutoMigrate(table); err != nil {
 			return errors.Newf("sync table %q: %v", tableName, err)
 		}

@@ -265,16 +261,28 @@ func importLegacyTables(ctx context.Context, dirPath string, verbose bool) error
 		if err != nil {
 			return errors.Newf("open JSON file: %v", err)
 		}
-		rawTableName := x.TableName(table)
-		_, isInsertProcessor := table.(xorm.BeforeInsertProcessor)
+
+		s, err := schema.Parse(table, &sync.Map{}, db.NamingStrategy)
+		if err != nil {
+			_ = f.Close()
+			return errors.Wrap(err, "parse schema")
+		}
+		rawTableName := s.Table
+
+		_, isInsertProcessor := table.(interface{ BeforeCreate(*gorm.DB) error })
 		scanner := bufio.NewScanner(f)
 		for scanner.Scan() {
-			if err = jsoniter.Unmarshal(scanner.Bytes(), table); err != nil {
+			// PostgreSQL does not like the null characters (U+0000)
+			cleaned := bytes.ReplaceAll(scanner.Bytes(), []byte("\\u0000"), []byte(""))
+
+			if err = jsoniter.Unmarshal(cleaned, table); err != nil {
+				_ = f.Close()
 				return errors.Newf("unmarshal to struct: %v", err)
 			}

-			if _, err = x.Insert(table); err != nil {
-				return errors.Newf("insert strcut: %v", err)
+			if err = db.WithContext(ctx).Create(table).Error; err != nil {
+				_ = f.Close()
+				return errors.Newf("insert struct: %v", err)
 			}

 			var meta struct {
@@ -283,30 +291,30 @@ func importLegacyTables(ctx context.Context, dirPath string, verbose bool) error
 				DeadlineUnix   int64
 				ClosedDateUnix int64
 			}
-			if err = jsoniter.Unmarshal(scanner.Bytes(), &meta); err != nil {
+			if err = jsoniter.Unmarshal(cleaned, &meta); err != nil {
 				log.Error("Failed to unmarshal to map: %v", err)
 			}

-			// Reset created_unix back to the date save in archive because Insert method updates its value
+			// Reset created_unix back to the date saved in archive because Create method updates its value
 			if isInsertProcessor && !skipInsertProcessors[rawTableName] {
-				if _, err = x.Exec("UPDATE `"+rawTableName+"` SET created_unix=? WHERE id=?", meta.CreatedUnix, meta.ID); err != nil {
+				if err = db.WithContext(ctx).Exec("UPDATE `"+rawTableName+"` SET created_unix=? WHERE id=?", meta.CreatedUnix, meta.ID).Error; err != nil {
 					log.Error("Failed to reset '%s.created_unix': %v", rawTableName, err)
 				}
 			}

 			switch rawTableName {
 			case "milestone":
-				if _, err = x.Exec("UPDATE `"+rawTableName+"` SET deadline_unix=?, closed_date_unix=? WHERE id=?", meta.DeadlineUnix, meta.ClosedDateUnix, meta.ID); err != nil {
+				if err = db.WithContext(ctx).Exec("UPDATE `"+rawTableName+"` SET deadline_unix=?, closed_date_unix=? WHERE id=?", meta.DeadlineUnix, meta.ClosedDateUnix, meta.ID).Error; err != nil {
 					log.Error("Failed to reset 'milestone.deadline_unix', 'milestone.closed_date_unix': %v", err)
 				}
 			}
 		}
+		_ = f.Close()

 		// PostgreSQL needs manually reset table sequence for auto increment keys
 		if conf.UsePostgreSQL {
-			rawTableName := snakeMapper.Obj2Table(tableName)
 			seqName := rawTableName + "_id_seq"
-			if _, err = x.Exec(fmt.Sprintf(`SELECT setval('%s', COALESCE((SELECT MAX(id)+1 FROM "%s"), 1), false);`, seqName, rawTableName)); err != nil {
+			if err = db.WithContext(ctx).Exec(fmt.Sprintf(`SELECT setval('%s', COALESCE((SELECT MAX(id)+1 FROM "%s"), 1), false);`, seqName, rawTableName)).Error; err != nil {
 				return errors.Newf("reset table %q' sequence: %v", rawTableName, err)
 			}
 		}
--- a/internal/database/comment.go
+++ b/internal/database/comment.go
@@ -7,11 +7,10 @@ import (
 	"time"

 	"github.com/cockroachdb/errors"
-	"github.com/unknwon/com"
-	log "unknwon.dev/clog/v2"
-	"xorm.io/xorm"
-
 	api "github.com/gogs/go-gogs-client"
+	"github.com/unknwon/com"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+	log "unknwon.dev/clog/v2"

 	"gogs.io/gogs/internal/errutil"
 	"gogs.io/gogs/internal/markup"
@@ -50,47 +49,50 @@ type Comment struct {
 	ID              int64
 	Type            CommentType
 	PosterID        int64
-	Poster          *User  `xorm:"-" json:"-" gorm:"-"`
-	IssueID         int64  `xorm:"INDEX"`
-	Issue           *Issue `xorm:"-" json:"-" gorm:"-"`
+	Poster          *User  `gorm:"-" json:"-"`
+	IssueID         int64  `gorm:"index"`
+	Issue           *Issue `gorm:"-" json:"-"`
 	CommitID        int64
 	Line            int64
-	Content         string `xorm:"TEXT"`
-	RenderedContent string `xorm:"-" json:"-" gorm:"-"`
+	Content         string `gorm:"type:text"`
+	RenderedContent string `gorm:"-" json:"-"`

-	Created     time.Time `xorm:"-" json:"-" gorm:"-"`
+	Created     time.Time `gorm:"-" json:"-"`
 	CreatedUnix int64
-	Updated     time.Time `xorm:"-" json:"-" gorm:"-"`
+	Updated     time.Time `gorm:"-" json:"-"`
 	UpdatedUnix int64

 	// Reference issue in commit message
-	CommitSHA string `xorm:"VARCHAR(40)"`
+	CommitSHA string `gorm:"type:varchar(40)"`

-	Attachments []*Attachment `xorm:"-" json:"-" gorm:"-"`
+	Attachments []*Attachment `gorm:"-" json:"-"`

 	// For view issue page.
-	ShowTag CommentTag `xorm:"-" json:"-" gorm:"-"`
+	ShowTag CommentTag `gorm:"-" json:"-"`
 }

-func (c *Comment) BeforeInsert() {
-	c.CreatedUnix = time.Now().Unix()
-	c.UpdatedUnix = c.CreatedUnix
-}
-
-func (c *Comment) BeforeUpdate() {
-	c.UpdatedUnix = time.Now().Unix()
-}
-
-func (c *Comment) AfterSet(colName string, _ xorm.Cell) {
-	switch colName {
-	case "created_unix":
-		c.Created = time.Unix(c.CreatedUnix, 0).Local()
-	case "updated_unix":
-		c.Updated = time.Unix(c.UpdatedUnix, 0).Local()
+func (c *Comment) BeforeCreate(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+	if c.CreatedUnix == 0 {
+		c.CreatedUnix = tx.NowFunc().Unix()
 	}
+	if c.UpdatedUnix == 0 {
+		c.UpdatedUnix = c.CreatedUnix
+	}
+	return nil
 }

-func (c *Comment) loadAttributes(e Engine) (err error) {
+func (c *Comment) BeforeUpdate(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+	c.UpdatedUnix = tx.NowFunc().Unix()
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *Comment) AfterFind(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+	c.Created = time.Unix(c.CreatedUnix, 0).Local()
+	c.Updated = time.Unix(c.UpdatedUnix, 0).Local()
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *Comment) loadAttributes(tx *gorm.DB) (err error) {
 	if c.Poster == nil {
 		c.Poster, err = Handle.Users().GetByID(context.TODO(), c.PosterID)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -104,12 +106,12 @@ func (c *Comment) loadAttributes(e Engine) (err error) {
 	}

 	if c.Issue == nil {
-		c.Issue, err = getRawIssueByID(e, c.IssueID)
+		c.Issue, err = getRawIssueByID(tx, c.IssueID)
 		if err != nil {
 			return errors.Newf("getIssueByID [%d]: %v", c.IssueID, err)
 		}
 		if c.Issue.Repo == nil {
-			c.Issue.Repo, err = getRepositoryByID(e, c.Issue.RepoID)
+			c.Issue.Repo, err = getRepositoryByID(tx, c.Issue.RepoID)
 			if err != nil {
 				return errors.Newf("getRepositoryByID [%d]: %v", c.Issue.RepoID, err)
 			}
@@ -117,7 +119,7 @@ func (c *Comment) loadAttributes(e Engine) (err error) {
 	}

 	if c.Attachments == nil {
-		c.Attachments, err = getAttachmentsByCommentID(e, c.ID)
+		c.Attachments, err = getAttachmentsByCommentID(tx, c.ID)
 		if err != nil {
 			return errors.Newf("getAttachmentsByCommentID [%d]: %v", c.ID, err)
 		}
@@ -127,7 +129,7 @@ func (c *Comment) loadAttributes(e Engine) (err error) {
 }

 func (c *Comment) LoadAttributes() error {
-	return c.loadAttributes(x)
+	return c.loadAttributes(db)
 }

 func (c *Comment) HTMLURL() string {
@@ -163,9 +165,9 @@ func (c *Comment) EventTag() string {

 // mailParticipants sends new comment emails to repository watchers
 // and mentioned people.
-func (c *Comment) mailParticipants(e Engine, opType ActionType, issue *Issue) (err error) {
+func (c *Comment) mailParticipants(tx *gorm.DB, opType ActionType, issue *Issue) (err error) {
 	mentions := markup.FindAllMentions(c.Content)
-	if err = updateIssueMentions(e, c.IssueID, mentions); err != nil {
+	if err = updateIssueMentions(tx, c.IssueID, mentions); err != nil {
 		return errors.Newf("UpdateIssueMentions [%d]: %v", c.IssueID, err)
 	}

@@ -184,7 +186,7 @@ func (c *Comment) mailParticipants(e Engine, opType ActionType, issue *Issue) (e
 	return nil
 }

-func createComment(e *xorm.Session, opts *CreateCommentOptions) (_ *Comment, err error) {
+func createComment(tx *gorm.DB, opts *CreateCommentOptions) (_ *Comment, err error) {
 	comment := &Comment{
 		Type:      opts.Type,
 		PosterID:  opts.Doer.ID,
@@ -195,7 +197,7 @@ func createComment(e *xorm.Session, opts *CreateCommentOptions) (_ *Comment, err
 		Line:      opts.LineNum,
 		Content:   opts.Content,
 	}
-	if _, err = e.Insert(comment); err != nil {
+	if err = tx.Create(comment).Error; err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

@@ -216,14 +218,14 @@ func createComment(e *xorm.Session, opts *CreateCommentOptions) (_ *Comment, err
 	case CommentTypeComment:
 		act.OpType = ActionCommentIssue

-		if _, err = e.Exec("UPDATE `issue` SET num_comments=num_comments+1 WHERE id=?", opts.Issue.ID); err != nil {
+		if err = tx.Exec("UPDATE `issue` SET num_comments=num_comments+1 WHERE id=?", opts.Issue.ID).Error; err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}

 		// Check attachments
 		attachments := make([]*Attachment, 0, len(opts.Attachments))
 		for _, uuid := range opts.Attachments {
-			attach, err := getAttachmentByUUID(e, uuid)
+			attach, err := getAttachmentByUUID(tx, uuid)
 			if err != nil {
 				if IsErrAttachmentNotExist(err) {
 					continue
@@ -236,8 +238,10 @@ func createComment(e *xorm.Session, opts *CreateCommentOptions) (_ *Comment, err
 		for i := range attachments {
 			attachments[i].IssueID = opts.Issue.ID
 			attachments[i].CommentID = comment.ID
-			// No assign value could be 0, so ignore AllCols().
-			if _, err = e.ID(attachments[i].ID).Update(attachments[i]); err != nil {
+			if err = tx.Model(attachments[i]).Where("id = ?", attachments[i].ID).Updates(map[string]any{
+				"issue_id":   attachments[i].IssueID,
+				"comment_id": attachments[i].CommentID,
+			}).Error; err != nil {
 				return nil, errors.Newf("update attachment [%d]: %v", attachments[i].ID, err)
 			}
 		}
@@ -249,9 +253,9 @@ func createComment(e *xorm.Session, opts *CreateCommentOptions) (_ *Comment, err
 		}

 		if opts.Issue.IsPull {
-			_, err = e.Exec("UPDATE `repository` SET num_closed_pulls=num_closed_pulls-1 WHERE id=?", opts.Repo.ID)
+			err = tx.Exec("UPDATE `repository` SET num_closed_pulls=num_closed_pulls-1 WHERE id=?", opts.Repo.ID).Error
 		} else {
-			_, err = e.Exec("UPDATE `repository` SET num_closed_issues=num_closed_issues-1 WHERE id=?", opts.Repo.ID)
+			err = tx.Exec("UPDATE `repository` SET num_closed_issues=num_closed_issues-1 WHERE id=?", opts.Repo.ID).Error
 		}
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
@@ -264,38 +268,38 @@ func createComment(e *xorm.Session, opts *CreateCommentOptions) (_ *Comment, err
 		}

 		if opts.Issue.IsPull {
-			_, err = e.Exec("UPDATE `repository` SET num_closed_pulls=num_closed_pulls+1 WHERE id=?", opts.Repo.ID)
+			err = tx.Exec("UPDATE `repository` SET num_closed_pulls=num_closed_pulls+1 WHERE id=?", opts.Repo.ID).Error
 		} else {
-			_, err = e.Exec("UPDATE `repository` SET num_closed_issues=num_closed_issues+1 WHERE id=?", opts.Repo.ID)
+			err = tx.Exec("UPDATE `repository` SET num_closed_issues=num_closed_issues+1 WHERE id=?", opts.Repo.ID).Error
 		}
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 	}

-	if _, err = e.Exec("UPDATE `issue` SET updated_unix = ? WHERE id = ?", time.Now().Unix(), opts.Issue.ID); err != nil {
+	if err = tx.Exec("UPDATE `issue` SET updated_unix = ? WHERE id = ?", tx.NowFunc().Unix(), opts.Issue.ID).Error; err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Newf("update issue 'updated_unix': %v", err)
 	}

 	// Notify watchers for whatever action comes in, ignore if no action type.
 	if act.OpType > 0 {
-		if err = notifyWatchers(e, act); err != nil {
+		if err = notifyWatchers(tx, act); err != nil {
 			log.Error("notifyWatchers: %v", err)
 		}
-		if err = comment.mailParticipants(e, act.OpType, opts.Issue); err != nil {
+		if err = comment.mailParticipants(tx, act.OpType, opts.Issue); err != nil {
 			log.Error("MailParticipants: %v", err)
 		}
 	}

-	return comment, comment.loadAttributes(e)
+	return comment, comment.loadAttributes(tx)
 }

-func createStatusComment(e *xorm.Session, doer *User, repo *Repository, issue *Issue) (*Comment, error) {
+func createStatusComment(tx *gorm.DB, doer *User, repo *Repository, issue *Issue) (*Comment, error) {
 	cmtType := CommentTypeClose
 	if !issue.IsClosed {
 		cmtType = CommentTypeReopen
 	}
-	return createComment(e, &CreateCommentOptions{
+	return createComment(tx, &CreateCommentOptions{
 		Type:  cmtType,
 		Doer:  doer,
 		Repo:  repo,
@@ -318,18 +322,12 @@ type CreateCommentOptions struct {

 // CreateComment creates comment of issue or commit.
 func CreateComment(opts *CreateCommentOptions) (comment *Comment, err error) {
-	sess := x.NewSession()
-	defer sess.Close()
-	if err = sess.Begin(); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	comment, err = createComment(sess, opts)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	return comment, sess.Commit()
+	err = db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		var err error
+		comment, err = createComment(tx, opts)
+		return err
+	})
+	return comment, err
 }

 // CreateIssueComment creates a plain issue comment.
@@ -367,14 +365,12 @@ func CreateRefComment(doer *User, repo *Repository, issue *Issue, content, commi
 	}

 	// Check if same reference from same commit has already existed.
-	has, err := x.Get(&Comment{
-		Type:      CommentTypeCommitRef,
-		IssueID:   issue.ID,
-		CommitSHA: commitSHA,
-	})
+	var count int64
+	err := db.Model(new(Comment)).Where("type = ? AND issue_id = ? AND commit_sha = ?",
+		CommentTypeCommitRef, issue.ID, commitSHA).Count(&count).Error
 	if err != nil {
 		return errors.Newf("check reference comment: %v", err)
-	} else if has {
+	} else if count > 0 {
 		return nil
 	}

@@ -411,19 +407,20 @@ func (ErrCommentNotExist) NotFound() bool {
 // GetCommentByID returns the comment by given ID.
 func GetCommentByID(id int64) (*Comment, error) {
 	c := new(Comment)
-	has, err := x.Id(id).Get(c)
+	err := db.Where("id = ?", id).First(c).Error
 	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
+			return nil, ErrCommentNotExist{args: map[string]any{"commentID": id}}
+		}
 		return nil, err
-	} else if !has {
-		return nil, ErrCommentNotExist{args: map[string]any{"commentID": id}}
 	}
 	return c, c.LoadAttributes()
 }

 // FIXME: use CommentList to improve performance.
-func loadCommentsAttributes(e Engine, comments []*Comment) (err error) {
+func loadCommentsAttributes(tx *gorm.DB, comments []*Comment) (err error) {
 	for i := range comments {
-		if err = comments[i].loadAttributes(e); err != nil {
+		if err = comments[i].loadAttributes(tx); err != nil {
 			return errors.Newf("loadAttributes [%d]: %v", comments[i].ID, err)
 		}
 	}
@@ -431,53 +428,55 @@ func loadCommentsAttributes(e Engine, comments []*Comment) (err error) {
 	return nil
 }

-func getCommentsByIssueIDSince(e Engine, issueID, since int64) ([]*Comment, error) {
+func getCommentsByIssueIDSince(tx *gorm.DB, issueID, since int64) ([]*Comment, error) {
 	comments := make([]*Comment, 0, 10)
-	sess := e.Where("issue_id = ?", issueID).Asc("created_unix")
+	query := tx.Where("issue_id = ?", issueID).Order("created_unix ASC")
 	if since > 0 {
-		sess.And("updated_unix >= ?", since)
+		query = query.Where("updated_unix >= ?", since)
 	}

-	if err := sess.Find(&comments); err != nil {
+	if err := query.Find(&comments).Error; err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	return comments, loadCommentsAttributes(e, comments)
+	return comments, loadCommentsAttributes(tx, comments)
 }

-func getCommentsByRepoIDSince(e Engine, repoID, since int64) ([]*Comment, error) {
+func getCommentsByRepoIDSince(tx *gorm.DB, repoID, since int64) ([]*Comment, error) {
 	comments := make([]*Comment, 0, 10)
-	sess := e.Where("issue.repo_id = ?", repoID).Join("INNER", "issue", "issue.id = comment.issue_id").Asc("comment.created_unix")
+	query := tx.Joins("INNER JOIN issue ON issue.id = comment.issue_id").
+		Where("issue.repo_id = ?", repoID).
+		Order("comment.created_unix ASC")
 	if since > 0 {
-		sess.And("comment.updated_unix >= ?", since)
+		query = query.Where("comment.updated_unix >= ?", since)
 	}
-	if err := sess.Find(&comments); err != nil {
+	if err := query.Find(&comments).Error; err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	return comments, loadCommentsAttributes(e, comments)
+	return comments, loadCommentsAttributes(tx, comments)
 }

-func getCommentsByIssueID(e Engine, issueID int64) ([]*Comment, error) {
-	return getCommentsByIssueIDSince(e, issueID, -1)
+func getCommentsByIssueID(tx *gorm.DB, issueID int64) ([]*Comment, error) {
+	return getCommentsByIssueIDSince(tx, issueID, -1)
 }

 // GetCommentsByIssueID returns all comments of an issue.
 func GetCommentsByIssueID(issueID int64) ([]*Comment, error) {
-	return getCommentsByIssueID(x, issueID)
+	return getCommentsByIssueID(db, issueID)
 }

 // GetCommentsByIssueIDSince returns a list of comments of an issue since a given time point.
 func GetCommentsByIssueIDSince(issueID, since int64) ([]*Comment, error) {
-	return getCommentsByIssueIDSince(x, issueID, since)
+	return getCommentsByIssueIDSince(db, issueID, since)
 }

 // GetCommentsByRepoIDSince returns a list of comments for all issues in a repo since a given time point.
 func GetCommentsByRepoIDSince(repoID, since int64) ([]*Comment, error) {
-	return getCommentsByRepoIDSince(x, repoID, since)
+	return getCommentsByRepoIDSince(db, repoID, since)
 }

 // UpdateComment updates information of comment.
 func UpdateComment(doer *User, c *Comment, oldContent string) (err error) {
-	if _, err = x.Id(c.ID).AllCols().Update(c); err != nil {
+	if err = db.Model(c).Where("id = ?", c.ID).Updates(c).Error; err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

@@ -511,24 +510,21 @@ func DeleteCommentByID(doer *User, id int64) error {
 		return err
 	}

-	sess := x.NewSession()
-	defer sess.Close()
-	if err = sess.Begin(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if _, err = sess.ID(comment.ID).Delete(new(Comment)); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if comment.Type == CommentTypeComment {
-		if _, err = sess.Exec("UPDATE `issue` SET num_comments = num_comments - 1 WHERE id = ?", comment.IssueID); err != nil {
+	err = db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		if err := tx.Where("id = ?", comment.ID).Delete(new(Comment)).Error; err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-	}

-	if err = sess.Commit(); err != nil {
-		return errors.Newf("commit: %v", err)
+		if comment.Type == CommentTypeComment {
+			if err := tx.Exec("UPDATE `issue` SET num_comments = num_comments - 1 WHERE id = ?", comment.IssueID).Error; err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return errors.Newf("transaction: %v", err)
 	}

 	_, err = DeleteAttachmentsByComment(comment.ID, true)
--- a/internal/database/issue.go
+++ b/internal/database/issue.go
--- a/internal/database/issue_label.go
+++ b/internal/database/issue_label.go
@@ -6,14 +6,12 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"

-	"xorm.io/xorm"
-
 	"github.com/cockroachdb/errors"
 	api "github.com/gogs/go-gogs-client"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"

 	"gogs.io/gogs/internal/errutil"
 	"gogs.io/gogs/internal/lazyregexp"
-	"gogs.io/gogs/internal/tool"
 )

 var labelColorPattern = lazyregexp.New("#([a-fA-F0-9]{6})")
@@ -53,13 +51,13 @@ func GetLabelTemplateFile(name string) ([][2]string, error) {
 // Label represents a label of repository for issues.
 type Label struct {
 	ID              int64
-	RepoID          int64 `xorm:"INDEX"`
+	RepoID          int64 `gorm:"index"`
 	Name            string
-	Color           string `xorm:"VARCHAR(7)"`
+	Color           string `gorm:"type:varchar(7)"`
 	NumIssues       int
 	NumClosedIssues int
-	NumOpenIssues   int  `xorm:"-" json:"-" gorm:"-"`
-	IsChecked       bool `xorm:"-" json:"-" gorm:"-"`
+	NumOpenIssues   int  `gorm:"-" json:"-"`
+	IsChecked       bool `gorm:"-" json:"-"`
 }

 func (l *Label) APIFormat() *api.Label {
@@ -97,8 +95,7 @@ func (l *Label) ForegroundColor() template.CSS {

 // NewLabels creates new label(s) for a repository.
 func NewLabels(labels ...*Label) error {
-	_, err := x.Insert(labels)
-	return err
+	return db.Create(labels).Error
 }

 var _ errutil.NotFound = (*ErrLabelNotExist)(nil)
@@ -123,20 +120,22 @@ func (ErrLabelNotExist) NotFound() bool {
 // getLabelOfRepoByName returns a label by Name in given repository.
 // If pass repoID as 0, then ORM will ignore limitation of repository
 // and can return arbitrary label with any valid ID.
-func getLabelOfRepoByName(e Engine, repoID int64, labelName string) (*Label, error) {
+func getLabelOfRepoByName(tx *gorm.DB, repoID int64, labelName string) (*Label, error) {
 	if len(labelName) <= 0 {
 		return nil, ErrLabelNotExist{args: map[string]any{"repoID": repoID}}
 	}

-	l := &Label{
-		Name:   labelName,
-		RepoID: repoID,
+	l := &Label{}
+	query := tx.Where("name = ?", labelName)
+	if repoID > 0 {
+		query = query.Where("repo_id = ?", repoID)
 	}
-	has, err := e.Get(l)
+	err := query.First(l).Error
 	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
+			return nil, ErrLabelNotExist{args: map[string]any{"repoID": repoID}}
+		}
 		return nil, err
-	} else if !has {
-		return nil, ErrLabelNotExist{args: map[string]any{"repoID": repoID}}
 	}
 	return l, nil
 }
@@ -144,54 +143,56 @@ func getLabelOfRepoByName(e Engine, repoID int64, labelName string) (*Label, err
 // getLabelInRepoByID returns a label by ID in given repository.
 // If pass repoID as 0, then ORM will ignore limitation of repository
 // and can return arbitrary label with any valid ID.
-func getLabelOfRepoByID(e Engine, repoID, labelID int64) (*Label, error) {
+func getLabelOfRepoByID(tx *gorm.DB, repoID, labelID int64) (*Label, error) {
 	if labelID <= 0 {
 		return nil, ErrLabelNotExist{args: map[string]any{"repoID": repoID, "labelID": labelID}}
 	}

-	l := &Label{
-		ID:     labelID,
-		RepoID: repoID,
+	l := &Label{}
+	query := tx.Where("id = ?", labelID)
+	if repoID > 0 {
+		query = query.Where("repo_id = ?", repoID)
 	}
-	has, err := e.Get(l)
+	err := query.First(l).Error
 	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
+			return nil, ErrLabelNotExist{args: map[string]any{"repoID": repoID, "labelID": labelID}}
+		}
 		return nil, err
-	} else if !has {
-		return nil, ErrLabelNotExist{args: map[string]any{"repoID": repoID, "labelID": labelID}}
 	}
 	return l, nil
 }

 // GetLabelByID returns a label by given ID.
 func GetLabelByID(id int64) (*Label, error) {
-	return getLabelOfRepoByID(x, 0, id)
+	return getLabelOfRepoByID(db, 0, id)
 }

 // GetLabelOfRepoByID returns a label by ID in given repository.
 func GetLabelOfRepoByID(repoID, labelID int64) (*Label, error) {
-	return getLabelOfRepoByID(x, repoID, labelID)
+	return getLabelOfRepoByID(db, repoID, labelID)
 }

 // GetLabelOfRepoByName returns a label by name in given repository.
 func GetLabelOfRepoByName(repoID int64, labelName string) (*Label, error) {
-	return getLabelOfRepoByName(x, repoID, labelName)
+	return getLabelOfRepoByName(db, repoID, labelName)
 }

 // GetLabelsInRepoByIDs returns a list of labels by IDs in given repository,
 // it silently ignores label IDs that are not belong to the repository.
 func GetLabelsInRepoByIDs(repoID int64, labelIDs []int64) ([]*Label, error) {
 	labels := make([]*Label, 0, len(labelIDs))
-	return labels, x.Where("repo_id = ?", repoID).In("id", tool.Int64sToStrings(labelIDs)).Asc("name").Find(&labels)
+	return labels, db.Where("repo_id = ? AND id IN ?", repoID, labelIDs).Order("name ASC").Find(&labels).Error
 }

 // GetLabelsByRepoID returns all labels that belong to given repository by ID.
 func GetLabelsByRepoID(repoID int64) ([]*Label, error) {
 	labels := make([]*Label, 0, 10)
-	return labels, x.Where("repo_id = ?", repoID).Asc("name").Find(&labels)
+	return labels, db.Where("repo_id = ?", repoID).Order("name ASC").Find(&labels).Error
 }

-func getLabelsByIssueID(e Engine, issueID int64) ([]*Label, error) {
-	issueLabels, err := getIssueLabels(e, issueID)
+func getLabelsByIssueID(tx *gorm.DB, issueID int64) ([]*Label, error) {
+	issueLabels, err := getIssueLabels(tx, issueID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Newf("getIssueLabels: %v", err)
 	} else if len(issueLabels) == 0 {
@@ -204,22 +205,21 @@ func getLabelsByIssueID(e Engine, issueID int64) ([]*Label, error) {
 	}

 	labels := make([]*Label, 0, len(labelIDs))
-	return labels, e.Where("id > 0").In("id", tool.Int64sToStrings(labelIDs)).Asc("name").Find(&labels)
+	return labels, tx.Where("id > 0 AND id IN ?", labelIDs).Order("name ASC").Find(&labels).Error
 }

 // GetLabelsByIssueID returns all labels that belong to given issue by ID.
 func GetLabelsByIssueID(issueID int64) ([]*Label, error) {
-	return getLabelsByIssueID(x, issueID)
+	return getLabelsByIssueID(db, issueID)
 }

-func updateLabel(e Engine, l *Label) error {
-	_, err := e.ID(l.ID).AllCols().Update(l)
-	return err
+func updateLabel(tx *gorm.DB, l *Label) error {
+	return tx.Model(l).Where("id = ?", l.ID).Updates(l).Error
 }

 // UpdateLabel updates label information.
 func UpdateLabel(l *Label) error {
-	return updateLabel(x, l)
+	return updateLabel(db, l)
 }

 // DeleteLabel delete a label of given repository.
@@ -232,19 +232,15 @@ func DeleteLabel(repoID, labelID int64) error {
 		return err
 	}

-	sess := x.NewSession()
-	defer sess.Close()
-	if err = sess.Begin(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if _, err = sess.ID(labelID).Delete(new(Label)); err != nil {
-		return err
-	} else if _, err = sess.Where("label_id = ?", labelID).Delete(new(IssueLabel)); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return sess.Commit()
+	return db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		if err := tx.Where("id = ?", labelID).Delete(new(Label)).Error; err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if err := tx.Where("label_id = ?", labelID).Delete(new(IssueLabel)).Error; err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
 }

 // .___                            .____          ___.          .__
@@ -257,25 +253,26 @@ func DeleteLabel(repoID, labelID int64) error {
 // IssueLabel represents an issue-lable relation.
 type IssueLabel struct {
 	ID      int64
-	IssueID int64 `xorm:"UNIQUE(s)"`
-	LabelID int64 `xorm:"UNIQUE(s)"`
+	IssueID int64 `gorm:"uniqueIndex:issue_label_unique"`
+	LabelID int64 `gorm:"uniqueIndex:issue_label_unique"`
 }

-func hasIssueLabel(e Engine, issueID, labelID int64) bool {
-	has, _ := e.Where("issue_id = ? AND label_id = ?", issueID, labelID).Get(new(IssueLabel))
-	return has
+func hasIssueLabel(tx *gorm.DB, issueID, labelID int64) bool {
+	var count int64
+	tx.Model(new(IssueLabel)).Where("issue_id = ? AND label_id = ?", issueID, labelID).Count(&count)
+	return count > 0
 }

 // HasIssueLabel returns true if issue has been labeled.
 func HasIssueLabel(issueID, labelID int64) bool {
-	return hasIssueLabel(x, issueID, labelID)
+	return hasIssueLabel(db, issueID, labelID)
 }

-func newIssueLabel(e *xorm.Session, issue *Issue, label *Label) (err error) {
-	if _, err = e.Insert(&IssueLabel{
+func newIssueLabel(tx *gorm.DB, issue *Issue, label *Label) (err error) {
+	if err = tx.Create(&IssueLabel{
 		IssueID: issue.ID,
 		LabelID: label.ID,
-	}); err != nil {
+	}).Error; err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

@@ -284,7 +281,7 @@ func newIssueLabel(e *xorm.Session, issue *Issue, label *Label) (err error) {
 		label.NumClosedIssues++
 	}

-	if err = updateLabel(e, label); err != nil {
+	if err = updateLabel(tx, label); err != nil {
 		return errors.Newf("updateLabel: %v", err)
 	}

@@ -298,26 +295,18 @@ func NewIssueLabel(issue *Issue, label *Label) (err error) {
 		return nil
 	}

-	sess := x.NewSession()
-	defer sess.Close()
-	if err = sess.Begin(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if err = newIssueLabel(sess, issue, label); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return sess.Commit()
+	return db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		return newIssueLabel(tx, issue, label)
+	})
 }

-func newIssueLabels(e *xorm.Session, issue *Issue, labels []*Label) (err error) {
+func newIssueLabels(tx *gorm.DB, issue *Issue, labels []*Label) (err error) {
 	for i := range labels {
-		if hasIssueLabel(e, issue.ID, labels[i].ID) {
+		if hasIssueLabel(tx, issue.ID, labels[i].ID) {
 			continue
 		}

-		if err = newIssueLabel(e, issue, labels[i]); err != nil {
+		if err = newIssueLabel(tx, issue, labels[i]); err != nil {
 			return errors.Newf("newIssueLabel: %v", err)
 		}
 	}
@@ -327,34 +316,23 @@ func newIssueLabels(e *xorm.Session, issue *Issue, labels []*Label) (err error)

 // NewIssueLabels creates a list of issue-label relations.
 func NewIssueLabels(issue *Issue, labels []*Label) (err error) {
-	sess := x.NewSession()
-	defer sess.Close()
-	if err = sess.Begin(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if err = newIssueLabels(sess, issue, labels); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return sess.Commit()
+	return db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		return newIssueLabels(tx, issue, labels)
+	})
 }

-func getIssueLabels(e Engine, issueID int64) ([]*IssueLabel, error) {
+func getIssueLabels(tx *gorm.DB, issueID int64) ([]*IssueLabel, error) {
 	issueLabels := make([]*IssueLabel, 0, 10)
-	return issueLabels, e.Where("issue_id=?", issueID).Asc("label_id").Find(&issueLabels)
+	return issueLabels, tx.Where("issue_id = ?", issueID).Order("label_id ASC").Find(&issueLabels).Error
 }

 // GetIssueLabels returns all issue-label relations of given issue by ID.
 func GetIssueLabels(issueID int64) ([]*IssueLabel, error) {
-	return getIssueLabels(x, issueID)
+	return getIssueLabels(db, issueID)
 }

-func deleteIssueLabel(e *xorm.Session, issue *Issue, label *Label) (err error) {
-	if _, err = e.Delete(&IssueLabel{
-		IssueID: issue.ID,
-		LabelID: label.ID,
-	}); err != nil {
+func deleteIssueLabel(tx *gorm.DB, issue *Issue, label *Label) (err error) {
+	if err = tx.Where("issue_id = ? AND label_id = ?", issue.ID, label.ID).Delete(&IssueLabel{}).Error; err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

@@ -362,7 +340,7 @@ func deleteIssueLabel(e *xorm.Session, issue *Issue, label *Label) (err error) {
 	if issue.IsClosed {
 		label.NumClosedIssues--
 	}
-	if err = updateLabel(e, label); err != nil {
+	if err = updateLabel(tx, label); err != nil {
 		return errors.Newf("updateLabel: %v", err)
 	}

@@ -377,15 +355,7 @@ func deleteIssueLabel(e *xorm.Session, issue *Issue, label *Label) (err error) {

 // DeleteIssueLabel deletes issue-label relation.
 func DeleteIssueLabel(issue *Issue, label *Label) (err error) {
-	sess := x.NewSession()
-	defer sess.Close()
-	if err = sess.Begin(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if err = deleteIssueLabel(sess, issue, label); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return sess.Commit()
+	return db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		return deleteIssueLabel(tx, issue, label)
+	})
 }
--- a/internal/database/issue_mail.go
+++ b/internal/database/issue_mail.go
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ func mailIssueCommentToParticipants(issue *Issue, doer *User, mentions []string)
 // and mentioned people.
 func (issue *Issue) MailParticipants() (err error) {
 	mentions := markup.FindAllMentions(issue.Content)
-	if err = updateIssueMentions(x, issue.ID, mentions); err != nil {
+	if err = updateIssueMentions(db, issue.ID, mentions); err != nil {
 		return errors.Newf("UpdateIssueMentions [%d]: %v", issue.ID, err)
 	}

--- a/internal/database/milestone.go
+++ b/internal/database/milestone.go
@@ -4,11 +4,10 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"time"

-	log "unknwon.dev/clog/v2"
-	"xorm.io/xorm"
-
 	"github.com/cockroachdb/errors"
 	api "github.com/gogs/go-gogs-client"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+	log "unknwon.dev/clog/v2"

 	"gogs.io/gogs/internal/conf"
 	"gogs.io/gogs/internal/errutil"
@@ -17,29 +16,30 @@ import (
 // Milestone represents a milestone of repository.
 type Milestone struct {
 	ID              int64
-	RepoID          int64 `xorm:"INDEX"`
+	RepoID          int64 `gorm:"index"`
 	Name            string
-	Content         string `xorm:"TEXT"`
-	RenderedContent string `xorm:"-" json:"-" gorm:"-"`
+	Content         string `gorm:"type:text"`
+	RenderedContent string `gorm:"-" json:"-"`
 	IsClosed        bool
 	NumIssues       int
 	NumClosedIssues int
-	NumOpenIssues   int  `xorm:"-" json:"-" gorm:"-"`
+	NumOpenIssues   int  `gorm:"-" json:"-"`
 	Completeness    int  // Percentage(1-100).
-	IsOverDue       bool `xorm:"-" json:"-" gorm:"-"`
+	IsOverDue       bool `gorm:"-" json:"-"`

-	DeadlineString string    `xorm:"-" json:"-" gorm:"-"`
-	Deadline       time.Time `xorm:"-" json:"-" gorm:"-"`
+	DeadlineString string    `gorm:"-" json:"-"`
+	Deadline       time.Time `gorm:"-" json:"-"`
 	DeadlineUnix   int64
-	ClosedDate     time.Time `xorm:"-" json:"-" gorm:"-"`
+	ClosedDate     time.Time `gorm:"-" json:"-"`
 	ClosedDateUnix int64
 }

-func (m *Milestone) BeforeInsert() {
+func (m *Milestone) BeforeCreate(tx *gorm.DB) error {
 	m.DeadlineUnix = m.Deadline.Unix()
+	return nil
 }

-func (m *Milestone) BeforeUpdate() {
+func (m *Milestone) BeforeUpdate(tx *gorm.DB) error {
 	if m.NumIssues > 0 {
 		m.Completeness = m.NumClosedIssues * 100 / m.NumIssues
 	} else {
@@ -48,27 +48,22 @@ func (m *Milestone) BeforeUpdate() {

 	m.DeadlineUnix = m.Deadline.Unix()
 	m.ClosedDateUnix = m.ClosedDate.Unix()
+	return nil
 }

-func (m *Milestone) AfterSet(colName string, _ xorm.Cell) {
-	switch colName {
-	case "num_closed_issues":
-		m.NumOpenIssues = m.NumIssues - m.NumClosedIssues
-
-	case "deadline_unix":
-		m.Deadline = time.Unix(m.DeadlineUnix, 0).Local()
-		if m.Deadline.Year() == 9999 {
-			return
-		}
+func (m *Milestone) AfterFind(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+	m.NumOpenIssues = m.NumIssues - m.NumClosedIssues

+	m.Deadline = time.Unix(m.DeadlineUnix, 0).Local()
+	if m.Deadline.Year() != 9999 {
 		m.DeadlineString = m.Deadline.Format("2006-01-02")
 		if time.Now().Local().After(m.Deadline) {
 			m.IsOverDue = true
 		}
-
-	case "closed_date_unix":
-		m.ClosedDate = time.Unix(m.ClosedDateUnix, 0).Local()
 	}
+
+	m.ClosedDate = time.Unix(m.ClosedDateUnix, 0).Local()
+	return nil
 }

 // State returns string representation of milestone status.
@@ -102,30 +97,24 @@ func (m *Milestone) APIFormat() *api.Milestone {
 }

 func (m *Milestone) CountIssues(isClosed, includePulls bool) int64 {
-	sess := x.Where("milestone_id = ?", m.ID).And("is_closed = ?", isClosed)
+	query := db.Model(new(Issue)).Where("milestone_id = ? AND is_closed = ?", m.ID, isClosed)
 	if !includePulls {
-		sess.And("is_pull = ?", false)
+		query = query.Where("is_pull = ?", false)
 	}
-	count, _ := sess.Count(new(Issue))
+	var count int64
+	query.Count(&count)
 	return count
 }

 // NewMilestone creates new milestone of repository.
 func NewMilestone(m *Milestone) (err error) {
-	sess := x.NewSession()
-	defer sess.Close()
-	if err = sess.Begin(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
+	return db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		if err := tx.Create(m).Error; err != nil {
+			return err
+		}

-	if _, err = sess.Insert(m); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if _, err = sess.Exec("UPDATE `repository` SET num_milestones = num_milestones + 1 WHERE id = ?", m.RepoID); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return sess.Commit()
+		return tx.Exec("UPDATE `repository` SET num_milestones = num_milestones + 1 WHERE id = ?", m.RepoID).Error
+	})
 }

 var _ errutil.NotFound = (*ErrMilestoneNotExist)(nil)
@@ -147,74 +136,73 @@ func (ErrMilestoneNotExist) NotFound() bool {
 	return true
 }

-func getMilestoneByRepoID(e Engine, repoID, id int64) (*Milestone, error) {
-	m := &Milestone{
-		ID:     id,
-		RepoID: repoID,
-	}
-	has, err := e.Get(m)
+func getMilestoneByRepoID(e *gorm.DB, repoID, id int64) (*Milestone, error) {
+	m := &Milestone{}
+	err := e.Where("id = ? AND repo_id = ?", id, repoID).First(m).Error
 	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
+			return nil, ErrMilestoneNotExist{args: map[string]any{"repoID": repoID, "milestoneID": id}}
+		}
 		return nil, err
-	} else if !has {
-		return nil, ErrMilestoneNotExist{args: map[string]any{"repoID": repoID, "milestoneID": id}}
 	}
 	return m, nil
 }

 // GetWebhookByRepoID returns the milestone in a repository.
 func GetMilestoneByRepoID(repoID, id int64) (*Milestone, error) {
-	return getMilestoneByRepoID(x, repoID, id)
+	return getMilestoneByRepoID(db, repoID, id)
 }

 // GetMilestonesByRepoID returns all milestones of a repository.
 func GetMilestonesByRepoID(repoID int64) ([]*Milestone, error) {
 	miles := make([]*Milestone, 0, 10)
-	return miles, x.Where("repo_id = ?", repoID).Find(&miles)
+	return miles, db.Where("repo_id = ?", repoID).Find(&miles).Error
 }

 // GetMilestones returns a list of milestones of given repository and status.
 func GetMilestones(repoID int64, page int, isClosed bool) ([]*Milestone, error) {
 	miles := make([]*Milestone, 0, conf.UI.IssuePagingNum)
-	sess := x.Where("repo_id = ? AND is_closed = ?", repoID, isClosed)
+	query := db.Where("repo_id = ? AND is_closed = ?", repoID, isClosed)
 	if page > 0 {
-		sess = sess.Limit(conf.UI.IssuePagingNum, (page-1)*conf.UI.IssuePagingNum)
+		query = query.Limit(conf.UI.IssuePagingNum).Offset((page - 1) * conf.UI.IssuePagingNum)
 	}
-	return miles, sess.Find(&miles)
+	return miles, query.Find(&miles).Error
 }

-func updateMilestone(e Engine, m *Milestone) error {
-	_, err := e.ID(m.ID).AllCols().Update(m)
-	return err
+func updateMilestone(e *gorm.DB, m *Milestone) error {
+	return e.Model(m).Where("id = ?", m.ID).Updates(m).Error
 }

 // UpdateMilestone updates information of given milestone.
 func UpdateMilestone(m *Milestone) error {
-	return updateMilestone(x, m)
+	return updateMilestone(db, m)
 }

-func countRepoMilestones(e Engine, repoID int64) int64 {
-	count, _ := e.Where("repo_id=?", repoID).Count(new(Milestone))
+func countRepoMilestones(e *gorm.DB, repoID int64) int64 {
+	var count int64
+	e.Model(new(Milestone)).Where("repo_id = ?", repoID).Count(&count)
 	return count
 }

 // CountRepoMilestones returns number of milestones in given repository.
 func CountRepoMilestones(repoID int64) int64 {
-	return countRepoMilestones(x, repoID)
+	return countRepoMilestones(db, repoID)
 }

-func countRepoClosedMilestones(e Engine, repoID int64) int64 {
-	closed, _ := e.Where("repo_id=? AND is_closed=?", repoID, true).Count(new(Milestone))
-	return closed
+func countRepoClosedMilestones(e *gorm.DB, repoID int64) int64 {
+	var count int64
+	e.Model(new(Milestone)).Where("repo_id = ? AND is_closed = ?", repoID, true).Count(&count)
+	return count
 }

 // CountRepoClosedMilestones returns number of closed milestones in given repository.
 func CountRepoClosedMilestones(repoID int64) int64 {
-	return countRepoClosedMilestones(x, repoID)
+	return countRepoClosedMilestones(db, repoID)
 }

 // MilestoneStats returns number of open and closed milestones of given repository.
 func MilestoneStats(repoID int64) (open, closed int64) {
-	open, _ = x.Where("repo_id=? AND is_closed=?", repoID, false).Count(new(Milestone))
+	db.Model(new(Milestone)).Where("repo_id = ? AND is_closed = ?", repoID, false).Count(&open)
 	return open, CountRepoClosedMilestones(repoID)
 }

@@ -227,26 +215,19 @@ func ChangeMilestoneStatus(m *Milestone, isClosed bool) (err error) {
 		return err
 	}

-	sess := x.NewSession()
-	defer sess.Close()
-	if err = sess.Begin(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
+	return db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		m.IsClosed = isClosed
+		if err := updateMilestone(tx, m); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}

-	m.IsClosed = isClosed
-	if err = updateMilestone(sess, m); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	repo.NumMilestones = int(countRepoMilestones(sess, repo.ID))
-	repo.NumClosedMilestones = int(countRepoClosedMilestones(sess, repo.ID))
-	if _, err = sess.ID(repo.ID).AllCols().Update(repo); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return sess.Commit()
+		repo.NumMilestones = int(countRepoMilestones(tx, repo.ID))
+		repo.NumClosedMilestones = int(countRepoClosedMilestones(tx, repo.ID))
+		return tx.Model(repo).Where("id = ?", repo.ID).Updates(repo).Error
+	})
 }

-func changeMilestoneIssueStats(e *xorm.Session, issue *Issue) error {
+func changeMilestoneIssueStats(e *gorm.DB, issue *Issue) error {
 	if issue.MilestoneID == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -270,20 +251,12 @@ func changeMilestoneIssueStats(e *xorm.Session, issue *Issue) error {
 // ChangeMilestoneIssueStats updates the open/closed issues counter and progress
 // for the milestone associated with the given issue.
 func ChangeMilestoneIssueStats(issue *Issue) (err error) {
-	sess := x.NewSession()
-	defer sess.Close()
-	if err = sess.Begin(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if err = changeMilestoneIssueStats(sess, issue); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return sess.Commit()
+	return db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		return changeMilestoneIssueStats(tx, issue)
+	})
 }

-func changeMilestoneAssign(e *xorm.Session, issue *Issue, oldMilestoneID int64) error {
+func changeMilestoneAssign(e *gorm.DB, issue *Issue, oldMilestoneID int64) error {
 	if oldMilestoneID > 0 {
 		m, err := getMilestoneByRepoID(e, issue.RepoID, oldMilestoneID)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -297,7 +270,9 @@ func changeMilestoneAssign(e *xorm.Session, issue *Issue, oldMilestoneID int64)

 		if err = updateMilestone(e, m); err != nil {
 			return err
-		} else if _, err = e.Exec("UPDATE `issue_user` SET milestone_id = 0 WHERE issue_id = ?", issue.ID); err != nil {
+		}
+
+		if err = e.Exec("UPDATE `issue_user` SET milestone_id = 0 WHERE issue_id = ?", issue.ID).Error; err != nil {
 			return err
 		}

@@ -317,7 +292,9 @@ func changeMilestoneAssign(e *xorm.Session, issue *Issue, oldMilestoneID int64)

 		if err = updateMilestone(e, m); err != nil {
 			return err
-		} else if _, err = e.Exec("UPDATE `issue_user` SET milestone_id = ? WHERE issue_id = ?", m.ID, issue.ID); err != nil {
+		}
+
+		if err = e.Exec("UPDATE `issue_user` SET milestone_id = ? WHERE issue_id = ?", m.ID, issue.ID).Error; err != nil {
 			return err
 		}

@@ -329,18 +306,11 @@ func changeMilestoneAssign(e *xorm.Session, issue *Issue, oldMilestoneID int64)

 // ChangeMilestoneAssign changes assignment of milestone for issue.
 func ChangeMilestoneAssign(doer *User, issue *Issue, oldMilestoneID int64) (err error) {
-	sess := x.NewSession()
-	defer sess.Close()
-	if err = sess.Begin(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if err = changeMilestoneAssign(sess, issue, oldMilestoneID); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if err = sess.Commit(); err != nil {
-		return errors.Newf("commit: %v", err)
+	err = db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		return changeMilestoneAssign(tx, issue, oldMilestoneID)
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return errors.Newf("transaction: %v", err)
 	}

 	var hookAction api.HookIssueAction
@@ -394,26 +364,21 @@ func DeleteMilestoneOfRepoByID(repoID, id int64) error {
 		return err
 	}

-	sess := x.NewSession()
-	defer sess.Close()
-	if err = sess.Begin(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
+	return db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		if err := tx.Where("id = ?", m.ID).Delete(new(Milestone)).Error; err != nil {
+			return err
+		}

-	if _, err = sess.ID(m.ID).Delete(new(Milestone)); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
+		repo.NumMilestones = int(countRepoMilestones(tx, repo.ID))
+		repo.NumClosedMilestones = int(countRepoClosedMilestones(tx, repo.ID))
+		if err := tx.Model(repo).Where("id = ?", repo.ID).Updates(repo).Error; err != nil {
+			return err
+		}

-	repo.NumMilestones = int(countRepoMilestones(sess, repo.ID))
-	repo.NumClosedMilestones = int(countRepoClosedMilestones(sess, repo.ID))
-	if _, err = sess.ID(repo.ID).AllCols().Update(repo); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
+		if err := tx.Exec("UPDATE `issue` SET milestone_id = 0 WHERE milestone_id = ?", m.ID).Error; err != nil {
+			return err
+		}

-	if _, err = sess.Exec("UPDATE `issue` SET milestone_id = 0 WHERE milestone_id = ?", m.ID); err != nil {
-		return err
-	} else if _, err = sess.Exec("UPDATE `issue_user` SET milestone_id = 0 WHERE milestone_id = ?", m.ID); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return sess.Commit()
+		return tx.Exec("UPDATE `issue_user` SET milestone_id = 0 WHERE milestone_id = ?", m.ID).Error
+	})
 }
--- a/internal/database/mirror.go
+++ b/internal/database/mirror.go
@@ -8,12 +8,11 @@ import (
 	"time"

 	"github.com/cockroachdb/errors"
+	"github.com/gogs/git-module"
 	"github.com/unknwon/com"
 	"gopkg.in/ini.v1"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
 	log "unknwon.dev/clog/v2"
-	"xorm.io/xorm"
-
-	"github.com/gogs/git-module"

 	"gogs.io/gogs/internal/conf"
 	"gogs.io/gogs/internal/process"
@@ -41,41 +40,41 @@ func (err MirrorNotExist) Error() string {
 type Mirror struct {
 	ID          int64
 	RepoID      int64
-	Repo        *Repository `xorm:"-" json:"-" gorm:"-"`
+	Repo        *Repository `gorm:"-" json:"-"`
 	Interval    int         // Hour.
-	EnablePrune bool        `xorm:"NOT NULL DEFAULT true"`
+	EnablePrune bool        `gorm:"not null;default:true"`

 	// Last and next sync time of Git data from upstream
-	LastSync     time.Time `xorm:"-" json:"-" gorm:"-"`
-	LastSyncUnix int64     `xorm:"updated_unix"`
-	NextSync     time.Time `xorm:"-" json:"-" gorm:"-"`
-	NextSyncUnix int64     `xorm:"next_update_unix"`
+	LastSync     time.Time `gorm:"-" json:"-"`
+	LastSyncUnix int64     `gorm:"column:updated_unix"`
+	NextSync     time.Time `gorm:"-" json:"-"`
+	NextSyncUnix int64     `gorm:"column:next_update_unix"`

-	address string `xorm:"-"`
+	address string `gorm:"-"`
 }

-func (m *Mirror) BeforeInsert() {
+func (m *Mirror) BeforeCreate(tx *gorm.DB) error {
 	m.NextSyncUnix = m.NextSync.Unix()
+	return nil
 }

-func (m *Mirror) BeforeUpdate() {
+func (m *Mirror) BeforeUpdate(tx *gorm.DB) error {
 	m.LastSyncUnix = m.LastSync.Unix()
 	m.NextSyncUnix = m.NextSync.Unix()
+	return nil
 }

-func (m *Mirror) AfterSet(colName string, _ xorm.Cell) {
-	var err error
-	switch colName {
-	case "repo_id":
+func (m *Mirror) AfterFind(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+	if m.RepoID > 0 {
+		var err error
 		m.Repo, err = GetRepositoryByID(m.RepoID)
 		if err != nil {
 			log.Error("GetRepositoryByID [%d]: %v", m.ID, err)
 		}
-	case "updated_unix":
-		m.LastSync = time.Unix(m.LastSyncUnix, 0).Local()
-	case "next_update_unix":
-		m.NextSync = time.Unix(m.NextSyncUnix, 0).Local()
 	}
+	m.LastSync = time.Unix(m.LastSyncUnix, 0).Local()
+	m.NextSync = time.Unix(m.NextSyncUnix, 0).Local()
+	return nil
 }

 // ScheduleNextSync calculates and sets next sync time based on repository mirror setting.
@@ -277,34 +276,33 @@ func (m *Mirror) runSync() ([]*mirrorSyncResult, bool) {
 	return parseRemoteUpdateOutput(output), true
 }

-func getMirrorByRepoID(e Engine, repoID int64) (*Mirror, error) {
-	m := &Mirror{RepoID: repoID}
-	has, err := e.Get(m)
+func getMirrorByRepoID(e *gorm.DB, repoID int64) (*Mirror, error) {
+	m := &Mirror{}
+	err := e.Where("repo_id = ?", repoID).First(m).Error
 	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
+			return nil, MirrorNotExist{RepoID: repoID}
+		}
 		return nil, err
-	} else if !has {
-		return nil, MirrorNotExist{RepoID: repoID}
 	}
 	return m, nil
 }

 // GetMirrorByRepoID returns mirror information of a repository.
 func GetMirrorByRepoID(repoID int64) (*Mirror, error) {
-	return getMirrorByRepoID(x, repoID)
+	return getMirrorByRepoID(db, repoID)
 }

-func updateMirror(e Engine, m *Mirror) error {
-	_, err := e.ID(m.ID).AllCols().Update(m)
-	return err
+func updateMirror(e *gorm.DB, m *Mirror) error {
+	return e.Model(m).Where("id = ?", m.ID).Updates(m).Error
 }

 func UpdateMirror(m *Mirror) error {
-	return updateMirror(x, m)
+	return updateMirror(db, m)
 }

 func DeleteMirrorByRepoID(repoID int64) error {
-	_, err := x.Delete(&Mirror{RepoID: repoID})
-	return err
+	return db.Where("repo_id = ?", repoID).Delete(&Mirror{}).Error
 }

 // MirrorUpdate checks and updates mirror repositories.
@@ -317,17 +315,18 @@ func MirrorUpdate() {

 	log.Trace("Doing: MirrorUpdate")

-	if err := x.Where("next_update_unix<=?", time.Now().Unix()).Iterate(new(Mirror), func(idx int, bean any) error {
-		m := bean.(*Mirror)
+	var mirrors []*Mirror
+	if err := db.Where("next_update_unix <= ?", time.Now().Unix()).Find(&mirrors).Error; err != nil {
+		log.Error("MirrorUpdate: find mirrors: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	for _, m := range mirrors {
 		if m.Repo == nil {
 			log.Error("Disconnected mirror repository found: %d", m.ID)
-			return nil
+			continue
 		}
-
 		MirrorQueue.Add(m.RepoID)
-		return nil
-	}); err != nil {
-		log.Error("MirrorUpdate: %v", err)
 	}
 }

@@ -454,7 +453,7 @@ func SyncMirrors() {
 			}
 		}

-		if _, err = x.Exec("UPDATE mirror SET updated_unix = ? WHERE repo_id = ?", time.Now().Unix(), m.RepoID); err != nil {
+		if err = db.Exec("UPDATE mirror SET updated_unix = ? WHERE repo_id = ?", time.Now().Unix(), m.RepoID).Error; err != nil {
 			log.Error("Update 'mirror.updated_unix' [%d]: %v", m.RepoID, err)
 			continue
 		}
@@ -469,7 +468,7 @@ func SyncMirrors() {
 			continue
 		}

-		if _, err = x.Exec("UPDATE repository SET updated_unix = ? WHERE id = ?", latestCommitTime.Unix(), m.RepoID); err != nil {
+		if err = db.Exec("UPDATE repository SET updated_unix = ? WHERE id = ?", latestCommitTime.Unix(), m.RepoID).Error; err != nil {
 			log.Error("Update 'repository.updated_unix' [%d]: %v", m.RepoID, err)
 			continue
 		}
--- a/internal/database/models.go
+++ b/internal/database/models.go
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ package database

 import (
 	"context"
-	"database/sql"
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
 	"path"
@@ -13,33 +12,16 @@ import (
 	"github.com/cockroachdb/errors"
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
 	"gorm.io/gorm/logger"
+	"gorm.io/gorm/schema"
 	log "unknwon.dev/clog/v2"
-	"xorm.io/core"
-	"xorm.io/xorm"

 	"gogs.io/gogs/internal/conf"
 	"gogs.io/gogs/internal/database/migrations"
 	"gogs.io/gogs/internal/dbutil"
 )

-// Engine represents a XORM engine or session.
-type Engine interface {
-	Delete(any) (int64, error)
-	Exec(...any) (sql.Result, error)
-	Find(any, ...any) error
-	Get(any) (bool, error)
-	ID(any) *xorm.Session
-	In(string, ...any) *xorm.Session
-	Insert(...any) (int64, error)
-	InsertOne(any) (int64, error)
-	Iterate(any, xorm.IterFunc) error
-	Sql(string, ...any) *xorm.Session
-	Table(any) *xorm.Session
-	Where(any, ...any) *xorm.Session
-}
-
 var (
-	x            *xorm.Engine
+	db           *gorm.DB
 	legacyTables []any
 	HasEngine    bool
 )
@@ -55,93 +37,90 @@ func init() {
 		new(ProtectBranch), new(ProtectBranchWhitelist),
 		new(Team), new(OrgUser), new(TeamUser), new(TeamRepo),
 	)
-
-	gonicNames := []string{"SSL"}
-	for _, name := range gonicNames {
-		core.LintGonicMapper[name] = true
-	}
 }

-func getEngine() (*xorm.Engine, error) {
-	Param := "?"
-	if strings.Contains(conf.Database.Name, Param) {
-		Param = "&"
-	}
-
-	driver := conf.Database.Type
-	connStr := ""
-	switch conf.Database.Type {
-	case "mysql":
-		conf.UseMySQL = true
-		if conf.Database.Host[0] == '/' { // looks like a unix socket
-			connStr = fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s@unix(%s)/%s%scharset=utf8mb4&parseTime=true",
-				conf.Database.User, conf.Database.Password, conf.Database.Host, conf.Database.Name, Param)
-		} else {
-			connStr = fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s@tcp(%s)/%s%scharset=utf8mb4&parseTime=true",
-				conf.Database.User, conf.Database.Password, conf.Database.Host, conf.Database.Name, Param)
-		}
-		engineParams := map[string]string{"rowFormat": "DYNAMIC"}
-		return xorm.NewEngineWithParams(conf.Database.Type, connStr, engineParams)
-
-	case "postgres":
-		conf.UsePostgreSQL = true
-		host, port := dbutil.ParsePostgreSQLHostPort(conf.Database.Host)
-		connStr = fmt.Sprintf("user='%s' password='%s' host='%s' port='%s' dbname='%s' sslmode='%s' search_path='%s'",
-			conf.Database.User, conf.Database.Password, host, port, conf.Database.Name, conf.Database.SSLMode, conf.Database.Schema)
-		driver = "pgx"
-
-	case "mssql":
-		conf.UseMSSQL = true
-		host, port := dbutil.ParseMSSQLHostPort(conf.Database.Host)
-		connStr = fmt.Sprintf("server=%s; port=%s; database=%s; user id=%s; password=%s;", host, port, conf.Database.Name, conf.Database.User, conf.Database.Password)
-
-	case "sqlite3":
+func getGormDB(gormLogger logger.Writer) (*gorm.DB, error) {
+	if conf.Database.Type == "sqlite3" {
 		if err := os.MkdirAll(path.Dir(conf.Database.Path), os.ModePerm); err != nil {
 			return nil, errors.Newf("create directories: %v", err)
 		}
-		conf.UseSQLite3 = true
-		connStr = "file:" + conf.Database.Path + "?cache=shared&mode=rwc"
-
-	default:
-		return nil, errors.Newf("unknown database type: %s", conf.Database.Type)
 	}
-	return xorm.NewEngine(driver, connStr)
+
+	level := logger.Info
+	if conf.IsProdMode() {
+		level = logger.Warn
+	}
+
+	logger.Default = logger.New(gormLogger, logger.Config{
+		SlowThreshold: 100 * time.Millisecond,
+		LogLevel:      level,
+	})
+
+	gormDB, err := dbutil.OpenDB(
+		conf.Database,
+		&gorm.Config{
+			SkipDefaultTransaction: true,
+			NamingStrategy: schema.NamingStrategy{
+				SingularTable: true,
+			},
+			NowFunc: func() time.Time {
+				return time.Now().UTC().Truncate(time.Microsecond)
+			},
+		},
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "open database")
+	}
+
+	sqlDB, err := gormDB.DB()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "get underlying *sql.DB")
+	}
+	sqlDB.SetMaxOpenConns(conf.Database.MaxOpenConns)
+	sqlDB.SetMaxIdleConns(conf.Database.MaxIdleConns)
+	sqlDB.SetConnMaxLifetime(time.Minute)
+
+	switch conf.Database.Type {
+	case "postgres":
+		conf.UsePostgreSQL = true
+	case "mysql":
+		conf.UseMySQL = true
+		gormDB = gormDB.Set("gorm:table_options", "ENGINE=InnoDB").Session(&gorm.Session{})
+	case "sqlite3":
+		conf.UseSQLite3 = true
+	case "mssql":
+		conf.UseMSSQL = true
+	}
+
+	return gormDB, nil
 }

 func NewTestEngine() error {
-	x, err := getEngine()
+	var err error
+	db, err = getGormDB(&dbutil.Logger{Writer: os.Stdout})
 	if err != nil {
 		return errors.Newf("connect to database: %v", err)
 	}

-	if conf.UsePostgreSQL {
-		x.SetSchema(conf.Database.Schema)
+	for _, table := range legacyTables {
+		if db.Migrator().HasTable(table) {
+			continue
+		}
+		if err = db.Migrator().AutoMigrate(table); err != nil {
+			return errors.Wrap(err, "auto migrate")
+		}
 	}
-
-	x.SetMapper(core.GonicMapper{})
-	return x.StoreEngine("InnoDB").Sync2(legacyTables...)
+	return nil
 }

 func SetEngine() (*gorm.DB, error) {
-	var err error
-	x, err = getEngine()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, errors.Newf("connect to database: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	if conf.UsePostgreSQL {
-		x.SetSchema(conf.Database.Schema)
-	}
-
-	x.SetMapper(core.GonicMapper{})
-
 	var logPath string
 	if conf.HookMode {
-		logPath = filepath.Join(conf.Log.RootPath, "hooks", "xorm.log")
+		logPath = filepath.Join(conf.Log.RootPath, "hooks", "gorm.log")
 	} else {
-		logPath = filepath.Join(conf.Log.RootPath, "xorm.log")
+		logPath = filepath.Join(conf.Log.RootPath, "gorm.log")
 	}
-	sec := conf.File.Section("log.xorm")
+	sec := conf.File.Section("log.gorm")
 	fileWriter, err := log.NewFileWriter(logPath,
 		log.FileRotationConfig{
 			Rotate:  sec.Key("ROTATE").MustBool(true),
@@ -151,20 +130,9 @@ func SetEngine() (*gorm.DB, error) {
 		},
 	)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, errors.Newf("create 'xorm.log': %v", err)
+		return nil, errors.Newf("create 'gorm.log': %v", err)
 	}

-	x.SetMaxOpenConns(conf.Database.MaxOpenConns)
-	x.SetMaxIdleConns(conf.Database.MaxIdleConns)
-	x.SetConnMaxLifetime(time.Second)
-
-	if conf.IsProdMode() {
-		x.SetLogger(xorm.NewSimpleLogger3(fileWriter, xorm.DEFAULT_LOG_PREFIX, xorm.DEFAULT_LOG_FLAG, core.LOG_ERR))
-	} else {
-		x.SetLogger(xorm.NewSimpleLogger(fileWriter))
-	}
-	x.ShowSQL(true)
-
 	var gormLogger logger.Writer
 	if conf.HookMode {
 		gormLogger = &dbutil.Logger{Writer: fileWriter}
@@ -174,23 +142,37 @@ func SetEngine() (*gorm.DB, error) {
 			return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "new log writer")
 		}
 	}
+
+	db, err = getGormDB(gormLogger)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
 	return NewConnection(gormLogger)
 }

 func NewEngine() error {
-	db, err := SetEngine()
+	gormDB, err := SetEngine()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

-	if err = migrations.Migrate(db); err != nil {
+	if err = migrations.Migrate(gormDB); err != nil {
 		return errors.Newf("migrate: %v", err)
 	}

-	if err = x.StoreEngine("InnoDB").Sync2(legacyTables...); err != nil {
-		return errors.Wrap(err, "sync tables")
+	for _, table := range legacyTables {
+		if gormDB.Migrator().HasTable(table) {
+			continue
+		}
+		name := strings.TrimPrefix(fmt.Sprintf("%T", table), "*database.")
+		if err = gormDB.Migrator().AutoMigrate(table); err != nil {
+			return errors.Wrapf(err, "auto migrate %q", name)
+		}
+		log.Trace("Auto migrated %q", name)
 	}

+	HasEngine = true
 	return nil
 }

@@ -208,33 +190,54 @@ type Statistic struct {
 func GetStatistic(ctx context.Context) (stats Statistic) {
 	stats.Counter.User = Handle.Users().Count(ctx)
 	stats.Counter.Org = CountOrganizations()
-	stats.Counter.PublicKey, _ = x.Count(new(PublicKey))
+	var count int64
+	db.Model(new(PublicKey)).Count(&count)
+	stats.Counter.PublicKey = count
 	stats.Counter.Repo = CountRepositories(true)
-	stats.Counter.Watch, _ = x.Count(new(Watch))
-	stats.Counter.Star, _ = x.Count(new(Star))
-	stats.Counter.Action, _ = x.Count(new(Action))
-	stats.Counter.Access, _ = x.Count(new(Access))
-	stats.Counter.Issue, _ = x.Count(new(Issue))
-	stats.Counter.Comment, _ = x.Count(new(Comment))
+	db.Model(new(Watch)).Count(&count)
+	stats.Counter.Watch = count
+	db.Model(new(Star)).Count(&count)
+	stats.Counter.Star = count
+	db.Model(new(Action)).Count(&count)
+	stats.Counter.Action = count
+	db.Model(new(Access)).Count(&count)
+	stats.Counter.Access = count
+	db.Model(new(Issue)).Count(&count)
+	stats.Counter.Issue = count
+	db.Model(new(Comment)).Count(&count)
+	stats.Counter.Comment = count
 	stats.Counter.Oauth = 0
-	stats.Counter.Follow, _ = x.Count(new(Follow))
-	stats.Counter.Mirror, _ = x.Count(new(Mirror))
-	stats.Counter.Release, _ = x.Count(new(Release))
+	db.Model(new(Follow)).Count(&count)
+	stats.Counter.Follow = count
+	db.Model(new(Mirror)).Count(&count)
+	stats.Counter.Mirror = count
+	db.Model(new(Release)).Count(&count)
+	stats.Counter.Release = count
 	stats.Counter.LoginSource = Handle.LoginSources().Count(ctx)
-	stats.Counter.Webhook, _ = x.Count(new(Webhook))
-	stats.Counter.Milestone, _ = x.Count(new(Milestone))
-	stats.Counter.Label, _ = x.Count(new(Label))
-	stats.Counter.HookTask, _ = x.Count(new(HookTask))
-	stats.Counter.Team, _ = x.Count(new(Team))
-	stats.Counter.Attachment, _ = x.Count(new(Attachment))
+	db.Model(new(Webhook)).Count(&count)
+	stats.Counter.Webhook = count
+	db.Model(new(Milestone)).Count(&count)
+	stats.Counter.Milestone = count
+	db.Model(new(Label)).Count(&count)
+	stats.Counter.Label = count
+	db.Model(new(HookTask)).Count(&count)
+	stats.Counter.HookTask = count
+	db.Model(new(Team)).Count(&count)
+	stats.Counter.Team = count
+	db.Model(new(Attachment)).Count(&count)
+	stats.Counter.Attachment = count
 	return stats
 }

 func Ping() error {
-	if x == nil {
+	if db == nil {
 		return errors.New("database not available")
 	}
-	return x.Ping()
+	sqlDB, err := db.DB()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return sqlDB.Ping()
 }

 // The version table. Should have only one row with id==1
--- a/internal/database/org.go
+++ b/internal/database/org.go
@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"

 	"github.com/cockroachdb/errors"
-	"xorm.io/builder"
-	"xorm.io/xorm"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"

 	"gogs.io/gogs/internal/errutil"
 	"gogs.io/gogs/internal/repoutil"
@@ -26,32 +25,32 @@ func (org *User) IsOrgMember(uid int64) bool {
 	return org.IsOrganization() && IsOrganizationMember(org.ID, uid)
 }

-func (org *User) getTeam(e Engine, name string) (*Team, error) {
-	return getTeamOfOrgByName(e, org.ID, name)
+func (org *User) getTeam(tx *gorm.DB, name string) (*Team, error) {
+	return getTeamOfOrgByName(tx, org.ID, name)
 }

 // GetTeamOfOrgByName returns named team of organization.
 func (org *User) GetTeam(name string) (*Team, error) {
-	return org.getTeam(x, name)
+	return org.getTeam(db, name)
 }

-func (org *User) getOwnerTeam(e Engine) (*Team, error) {
-	return org.getTeam(e, ownerTeamName)
+func (org *User) getOwnerTeam(tx *gorm.DB) (*Team, error) {
+	return org.getTeam(tx, ownerTeamName)
 }

 // GetOwnerTeam returns owner team of organization.
 func (org *User) GetOwnerTeam() (*Team, error) {
-	return org.getOwnerTeam(x)
+	return org.getOwnerTeam(db)
 }

-func (org *User) getTeams(e Engine) (err error) {
-	org.Teams, err = getTeamsByOrgID(e, org.ID)
+func (org *User) getTeams(tx *gorm.DB) (err error) {
+	org.Teams, err = getTeamsByOrgID(tx, org.ID)
 	return err
 }

 // GetTeams returns all teams that belong to organization.
 func (org *User) GetTeams() error {
-	return org.getTeams(x)
+	return org.getTeams(db)
 }

 // TeamsHaveAccessToRepo returns all teams that have given access level to the repository.
@@ -86,13 +85,13 @@ func (org *User) RemoveMember(uid int64) error {
 	return RemoveOrgUser(org.ID, uid)
 }

-func (org *User) removeOrgRepo(e Engine, repoID int64) error {
-	return removeOrgRepo(e, org.ID, repoID)
+func (org *User) removeOrgRepo(tx *gorm.DB, repoID int64) error {
+	return removeOrgRepo(tx, org.ID, repoID)
 }

 // RemoveOrgRepo removes all team-repository relations of organization.
 func (org *User) RemoveOrgRepo(repoID int64) error {
-	return org.removeOrgRepo(x, repoID)
+	return org.removeOrgRepo(db, repoID)
 }

 // CreateOrganization creates record of a new organization.
@@ -121,52 +120,48 @@ func CreateOrganization(org, owner *User) (err error) {
 	org.NumTeams = 1
 	org.NumMembers = 1

-	sess := x.NewSession()
-	defer sess.Close()
-	if err = sess.Begin(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
+	return db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		if err := tx.Create(org).Error; err != nil {
+			return errors.Newf("insert organization: %v", err)
+		}
+		_ = userutil.GenerateRandomAvatar(org.ID, org.Name, org.Email)

-	if _, err = sess.Insert(org); err != nil {
-		return errors.Newf("insert organization: %v", err)
-	}
-	_ = userutil.GenerateRandomAvatar(org.ID, org.Name, org.Email)
+		// Add initial creator to organization and owner team.
+		if err := tx.Create(&OrgUser{
+			UID:      owner.ID,
+			OrgID:    org.ID,
+			IsOwner:  true,
+			NumTeams: 1,
+		}).Error; err != nil {
+			return errors.Newf("insert org-user relation: %v", err)
+		}

-	// Add initial creator to organization and owner team.
-	if _, err = sess.Insert(&OrgUser{
-		UID:      owner.ID,
-		OrgID:    org.ID,
-		IsOwner:  true,
-		NumTeams: 1,
-	}); err != nil {
-		return errors.Newf("insert org-user relation: %v", err)
-	}
+		// Create default owner team.
+		t := &Team{
+			OrgID:      org.ID,
+			LowerName:  strings.ToLower(ownerTeamName),
+			Name:       ownerTeamName,
+			Authorize:  AccessModeOwner,
+			NumMembers: 1,
+		}
+		if err := tx.Create(t).Error; err != nil {
+			return errors.Newf("insert owner team: %v", err)
+		}

-	// Create default owner team.
-	t := &Team{
-		OrgID:      org.ID,
-		LowerName:  strings.ToLower(ownerTeamName),
-		Name:       ownerTeamName,
-		Authorize:  AccessModeOwner,
-		NumMembers: 1,
-	}
-	if _, err = sess.Insert(t); err != nil {
-		return errors.Newf("insert owner team: %v", err)
-	}
+		if err := tx.Create(&TeamUser{
+			UID:    owner.ID,
+			OrgID:  org.ID,
+			TeamID: t.ID,
+		}).Error; err != nil {
+			return errors.Newf("insert team-user relation: %v", err)
+		}

-	if _, err = sess.Insert(&TeamUser{
-		UID:    owner.ID,
-		OrgID:  org.ID,
-		TeamID: t.ID,
-	}); err != nil {
-		return errors.Newf("insert team-user relation: %v", err)
-	}
+		if err := os.MkdirAll(repoutil.UserPath(org.Name), os.ModePerm); err != nil {
+			return errors.Newf("create directory: %v", err)
+		}

-	if err = os.MkdirAll(repoutil.UserPath(org.Name), os.ModePerm); err != nil {
-		return errors.Newf("create directory: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	return sess.Commit()
+		return nil
+	})
 }

 // GetOrgByName returns organization by given name.
@@ -174,35 +169,36 @@ func GetOrgByName(name string) (*User, error) {
 	if name == "" {
 		return nil, ErrOrgNotExist
 	}
-	u := &User{
-		LowerName: strings.ToLower(name),
-		Type:      UserTypeOrganization,
-	}
-	has, err := x.Get(u)
+	u := &User{}
+	err := db.Where("lower_name = ? AND type = ?", strings.ToLower(name), UserTypeOrganization).First(u).Error
 	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
+			return nil, ErrOrgNotExist
+		}
 		return nil, err
-	} else if !has {
-		return nil, ErrOrgNotExist
 	}
 	return u, nil
 }

 // CountOrganizations returns number of organizations.
 func CountOrganizations() int64 {
-	count, _ := x.Where("type=1").Count(new(User))
+	var count int64
+	db.Model(new(User)).Where("type = ?", UserTypeOrganization).Count(&count)
 	return count
 }

 // Organizations returns number of organizations in given page.
 func Organizations(page, pageSize int) ([]*User, error) {
 	orgs := make([]*User, 0, pageSize)
-	return orgs, x.Limit(pageSize, (page-1)*pageSize).Where("type=1").Asc("id").Find(&orgs)
+	return orgs, db.Where("type = ?", UserTypeOrganization).
+		Offset((page - 1) * pageSize).Limit(pageSize).
+		Order("id ASC").Find(&orgs).Error
 }

 // deleteBeans deletes all given beans, beans should contain delete conditions.
-func deleteBeans(e Engine, beans ...any) (err error) {
+func deleteBeans(tx *gorm.DB, beans ...any) (err error) {
 	for i := range beans {
-		if _, err = e.Delete(beans[i]); err != nil {
+		if err = tx.Delete(beans[i]).Error; err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
@@ -216,20 +212,13 @@ func DeleteOrganization(org *User) error {
 		return err
 	}

-	sess := x.NewSession()
-	defer sess.Close()
-	if err = sess.Begin(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if err = deleteBeans(sess,
-		&Team{OrgID: org.ID},
-		&OrgUser{OrgID: org.ID},
-		&TeamUser{OrgID: org.ID},
-	); err != nil {
-		return errors.Newf("deleteBeans: %v", err)
-	}
-	return sess.Commit()
+	return db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		return deleteBeans(tx,
+			&Team{OrgID: org.ID},
+			&OrgUser{OrgID: org.ID},
+			&TeamUser{OrgID: org.ID},
+		)
+	})
 }

 // ________                ____ ___
@@ -251,84 +240,94 @@ type OrgUser struct {

 // IsOrganizationOwner returns true if given user is in the owner team.
 func IsOrganizationOwner(orgID, userID int64) bool {
-	has, _ := x.Where("is_owner = ?", true).And("uid = ?", userID).And("org_id = ?", orgID).Get(new(OrgUser))
-	return has
+	var count int64
+	db.Model(new(OrgUser)).Where("is_owner = ? AND uid = ? AND org_id = ?", true, userID, orgID).Count(&count)
+	return count > 0
 }

 // IsOrganizationMember returns true if given user is member of organization.
 func IsOrganizationMember(orgID, uid int64) bool {
-	has, _ := x.Where("uid=?", uid).And("org_id=?", orgID).Get(new(OrgUser))
-	return has
+	var count int64
+	db.Model(new(OrgUser)).Where("uid = ? AND org_id = ?", uid, orgID).Count(&count)
+	return count > 0
 }

 // IsPublicMembership returns true if given user public his/her membership.
 func IsPublicMembership(orgID, uid int64) bool {
-	has, _ := x.Where("uid=?", uid).And("org_id=?", orgID).And("is_public=?", true).Get(new(OrgUser))
-	return has
+	var count int64
+	db.Model(new(OrgUser)).Where("uid = ? AND org_id = ? AND is_public = ?", uid, orgID, true).Count(&count)
+	return count > 0
 }

-func getOrgsByUserID(sess *xorm.Session, userID int64, showAll bool) ([]*User, error) {
+func getOrgsByUserID(tx *gorm.DB, userID int64, showAll bool) ([]*User, error) {
 	orgs := make([]*User, 0, 10)
+	query := tx.Table("`user`").
+		Joins("INNER JOIN `org_user` ON `org_user`.org_id = `user`.id").
+		Where("`org_user`.uid = ?", userID)
 	if !showAll {
-		sess.And("`org_user`.is_public=?", true)
+		query = query.Where("`org_user`.is_public = ?", true)
 	}
-	return orgs, sess.And("`org_user`.uid=?", userID).
-		Join("INNER", "`org_user`", "`org_user`.org_id=`user`.id").Find(&orgs)
+	return orgs, query.Find(&orgs).Error
 }

 // GetOrgsByUserID returns a list of organizations that the given user ID
 // has joined.
 func GetOrgsByUserID(userID int64, showAll bool) ([]*User, error) {
-	return getOrgsByUserID(x.NewSession(), userID, showAll)
+	return getOrgsByUserID(db, userID, showAll)
 }

-func getOwnedOrgsByUserID(sess *xorm.Session, userID int64) ([]*User, error) {
+func getOwnedOrgsByUserID(tx *gorm.DB, userID int64) ([]*User, error) {
 	orgs := make([]*User, 0, 10)
-	return orgs, sess.Where("`org_user`.uid=?", userID).And("`org_user`.is_owner=?", true).
-		Join("INNER", "`org_user`", "`org_user`.org_id=`user`.id").Find(&orgs)
+	return orgs, tx.Table("`user`").
+		Joins("INNER JOIN `org_user` ON `org_user`.org_id = `user`.id").
+		Where("`org_user`.uid = ? AND `org_user`.is_owner = ?", userID, true).
+		Find(&orgs).Error
 }

 // GetOwnedOrgsByUserID returns a list of organizations are owned by given user ID.
 func GetOwnedOrgsByUserID(userID int64) ([]*User, error) {
-	sess := x.NewSession()
-	return getOwnedOrgsByUserID(sess, userID)
+	return getOwnedOrgsByUserID(db, userID)
 }

 // GetOwnedOrganizationsByUserIDDesc returns a list of organizations are owned by
 // given user ID, ordered descending by the given condition.
 func GetOwnedOrgsByUserIDDesc(userID int64, desc string) ([]*User, error) {
-	sess := x.NewSession()
-	return getOwnedOrgsByUserID(sess.Desc(desc), userID)
+	orgs := make([]*User, 0, 10)
+	return orgs, db.Table("`user`").
+		Joins("INNER JOIN `org_user` ON `org_user`.org_id = `user`.id").
+		Where("`org_user`.uid = ? AND `org_user`.is_owner = ?", userID, true).
+		Order(desc + " DESC").
+		Find(&orgs).Error
 }

-func getOrgUsersByOrgID(e Engine, orgID int64, limit int) ([]*OrgUser, error) {
+func getOrgUsersByOrgID(tx *gorm.DB, orgID int64, limit int) ([]*OrgUser, error) {
 	orgUsers := make([]*OrgUser, 0, 10)

-	sess := e.Where("org_id=?", orgID)
+	query := tx.Where("org_id = ?", orgID)
 	if limit > 0 {
-		sess = sess.Limit(limit)
+		query = query.Limit(limit)
 	}
-	return orgUsers, sess.Find(&orgUsers)
+	return orgUsers, query.Find(&orgUsers).Error
 }

 // GetOrgUsersByOrgID returns all organization-user relations by organization ID.
 func GetOrgUsersByOrgID(orgID int64, limit int) ([]*OrgUser, error) {
-	return getOrgUsersByOrgID(x, orgID, limit)
+	return getOrgUsersByOrgID(db, orgID, limit)
 }

 // ChangeOrgUserStatus changes public or private membership status.
 func ChangeOrgUserStatus(orgID, uid int64, public bool) error {
 	ou := new(OrgUser)
-	has, err := x.Where("uid=?", uid).And("org_id=?", orgID).Get(ou)
+	err := db.Where("uid = ? AND org_id = ?", uid, orgID).First(ou).Error
 	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
+			return nil
+		}
 		return err
-	} else if !has {
-		return nil
 	}

 	ou.IsPublic = public
-	_, err = x.Id(ou.ID).AllCols().Update(ou)
-	return err
+	return db.Model(ou).Where("id = ?", ou.ID).Updates(ou).Error
 }

 // AddOrgUser adds new user to given organization.
@@ -337,35 +336,33 @@ func AddOrgUser(orgID, uid int64) error {
 		return nil
 	}

-	sess := x.NewSession()
-	defer sess.Close()
-	if err := sess.Begin(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
+	return db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		ou := &OrgUser{
+			UID:   uid,
+			OrgID: orgID,
+		}

-	ou := &OrgUser{
-		UID:   uid,
-		OrgID: orgID,
-	}
+		if err := tx.Create(ou).Error; err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if err := tx.Exec("UPDATE `user` SET num_members = num_members + 1 WHERE id = ?", orgID).Error; err != nil {
+			return err
+		}

-	if _, err := sess.Insert(ou); err != nil {
-		return err
-	} else if _, err = sess.Exec("UPDATE `user` SET num_members = num_members + 1 WHERE id = ?", orgID); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return sess.Commit()
+		return nil
+	})
 }

 // RemoveOrgUser removes user from given organization.
 func RemoveOrgUser(orgID, userID int64) error {
 	ou := new(OrgUser)

-	has, err := x.Where("uid=?", userID).And("org_id=?", orgID).Get(ou)
+	err := db.Where("uid = ? AND org_id = ?", userID, orgID).First(ou).Error
 	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
+			return nil
+		}
 		return errors.Newf("get org-user: %v", err)
-	} else if !has {
-		return nil
 	}

 	user, err := Handle.Users().GetByID(context.TODO(), userID)
@@ -394,71 +391,69 @@ func RemoveOrgUser(orgID, userID int64) error {
 		}
 	}

-	sess := x.NewSession()
-	defer sess.Close()
-	if err := sess.Begin(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if _, err := sess.ID(ou.ID).Delete(ou); err != nil {
-		return err
-	} else if _, err = sess.Exec("UPDATE `user` SET num_members=num_members-1 WHERE id=?", orgID); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	// Delete all repository accesses and unwatch them.
-	repoIDs := make([]int64, 0, len(repos))
-	for i := range repos {
-		repoIDs = append(repoIDs, repos[i].ID)
-		if err = watchRepo(sess, user.ID, repos[i].ID, false); err != nil {
+	return db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		if err := tx.Where("id = ?", ou.ID).Delete(ou).Error; err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-	}
-
-	if len(repoIDs) > 0 {
-		if _, err = sess.Where("user_id = ?", user.ID).In("repo_id", repoIDs).Delete(new(Access)); err != nil {
+		if err := tx.Exec("UPDATE `user` SET num_members = num_members - 1 WHERE id = ?", orgID).Error; err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-	}

-	// Delete member in his/her teams.
-	teams, err := getUserTeams(sess, org.ID, user.ID)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	for _, t := range teams {
-		if err = removeTeamMember(sess, org.ID, t.ID, user.ID); err != nil {
+		// Delete all repository accesses and unwatch them.
+		repoIDs := make([]int64, 0, len(repos))
+		for i := range repos {
+			repoIDs = append(repoIDs, repos[i].ID)
+			if err = watchRepo(tx, user.ID, repos[i].ID, false); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+
+		if len(repoIDs) > 0 {
+			if err := tx.Where("user_id = ? AND repo_id IN ?", user.ID, repoIDs).Delete(new(Access)).Error; err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Delete member in his/her teams.
+		teams, err := getUserTeams(tx, org.ID, user.ID)
+		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-	}
+		for _, t := range teams {
+			if err = removeTeamMember(tx, org.ID, t.ID, user.ID); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}

-	return sess.Commit()
+		return nil
+	})
 }

-func removeOrgRepo(e Engine, orgID, repoID int64) error {
-	_, err := e.Delete(&TeamRepo{
-		OrgID:  orgID,
-		RepoID: repoID,
-	})
-	return err
+func removeOrgRepo(tx *gorm.DB, orgID, repoID int64) error {
+	return tx.Where("org_id = ? AND repo_id = ?", orgID, repoID).Delete(&TeamRepo{}).Error
 }

 // RemoveOrgRepo removes all team-repository relations of given organization.
 func RemoveOrgRepo(orgID, repoID int64) error {
-	return removeOrgRepo(x, orgID, repoID)
+	return removeOrgRepo(db, orgID, repoID)
 }

-func (org *User) getUserTeams(e Engine, userID int64, cols ...string) ([]*Team, error) {
+func (org *User) getUserTeams(tx *gorm.DB, userID int64, cols ...string) ([]*Team, error) {
 	teams := make([]*Team, 0, org.NumTeams)
-	return teams, e.Where("team_user.org_id = ?", org.ID).
-		And("team_user.uid = ?", userID).
-		Join("INNER", "team_user", "team_user.team_id = team.id").
-		Cols(cols...).Find(&teams)
+	query := tx.Table("team").
+		Joins("INNER JOIN team_user ON team_user.team_id = team.id").
+		Where("team_user.org_id = ? AND team_user.uid = ?", org.ID, userID)
+
+	if len(cols) > 0 {
+		query = query.Select(cols)
+	}
+
+	return teams, query.Find(&teams).Error
 }

 // GetUserTeamIDs returns of all team IDs of the organization that user is member of.
 func (org *User) GetUserTeamIDs(userID int64) ([]int64, error) {
-	teams, err := org.getUserTeams(x, userID, "team.id")
+	teams, err := org.getUserTeams(db, userID, "team.id")
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Newf("getUserTeams [%d]: %v", userID, err)
 	}
@@ -473,7 +468,7 @@ func (org *User) GetUserTeamIDs(userID int64) ([]int64, error) {
 // GetTeams returns all teams that belong to organization,
 // and that the user has joined.
 func (org *User) GetUserTeams(userID int64) ([]*Team, error) {
-	return org.getUserTeams(x, userID)
+	return org.getUserTeams(db, userID)
 }

 // GetUserRepositories returns a range of repositories in organization which the user has access to,
@@ -489,7 +484,7 @@ func (org *User) GetUserRepositories(userID int64, page, pageSize int) ([]*Repos
 	}

 	var teamRepoIDs []int64
-	if err = x.Table("team_repo").In("team_id", teamIDs).Distinct("repo_id").Find(&teamRepoIDs); err != nil {
+	if err = db.Table("team_repo").Where("team_id IN ?", teamIDs).Distinct("repo_id").Find(&teamRepoIDs).Error; err != nil {
 		return nil, 0, errors.Newf("get team repository IDs: %v", err)
 	}
 	if len(teamRepoIDs) == 0 {
@@ -501,22 +496,18 @@ func (org *User) GetUserRepositories(userID int64, page, pageSize int) ([]*Repos
 		page = 1
 	}
 	repos := make([]*Repository, 0, pageSize)
-	if err = x.Where("owner_id = ?", org.ID).
-		And(builder.Or(
-			builder.And(builder.Expr("is_private = ?", false), builder.Expr("is_unlisted = ?", false)),
-			builder.In("id", teamRepoIDs))).
-		Desc("updated_unix").
-		Limit(pageSize, (page-1)*pageSize).
-		Find(&repos); err != nil {
+	if err = db.Where("owner_id = ?", org.ID).
+		Where(db.Where("is_private = ? AND is_unlisted = ?", false, false).Or("id IN ?", teamRepoIDs)).
+		Order("updated_unix DESC").
+		Limit(pageSize).Offset((page - 1) * pageSize).
+		Find(&repos).Error; err != nil {
 		return nil, 0, errors.Newf("get user repositories: %v", err)
 	}

-	repoCount, err := x.Where("owner_id = ?", org.ID).
-		And(builder.Or(
-			builder.Expr("is_private = ?", false),
-			builder.In("id", teamRepoIDs))).
-		Count(new(Repository))
-	if err != nil {
+	var repoCount int64
+	if err = db.Model(&Repository{}).Where("owner_id = ?", org.ID).
+		Where(db.Where("is_private = ?", false).Or("id IN ?", teamRepoIDs)).
+		Count(&repoCount).Error; err != nil {
 		return nil, 0, errors.Newf("count user repositories: %v", err)
 	}

@@ -534,7 +525,7 @@ func (org *User) GetUserMirrorRepositories(userID int64) ([]*Repository, error)
 	}

 	var teamRepoIDs []int64
-	err = x.Table("team_repo").In("team_id", teamIDs).Distinct("repo_id").Find(&teamRepoIDs)
+	err = db.Table("team_repo").Where("team_id IN ?", teamIDs).Distinct("repo_id").Find(&teamRepoIDs).Error
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Newf("get team repository ids: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -544,12 +535,12 @@ func (org *User) GetUserMirrorRepositories(userID int64) ([]*Repository, error)
 	}

 	repos := make([]*Repository, 0, 10)
-	if err = x.Where("owner_id = ?", org.ID).
-		And("is_private = ?", false).
-		Or(builder.In("id", teamRepoIDs)).
-		And("is_mirror = ?", true). // Don't move up because it's an independent condition
-		Desc("updated_unix").
-		Find(&repos); err != nil {
+	if err = db.Where("owner_id = ?", org.ID).
+		Where("is_private = ?", false).
+		Or("id IN ?", teamRepoIDs).
+		Where("is_mirror = ?", true). // Don't move up because it's an independent condition
+		Order("updated_unix DESC").
+		Find(&repos).Error; err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Newf("get user repositories: %v", err)
 	}
 	return repos, nil
--- a/internal/database/org_team.go
+++ b/internal/database/org_team.go
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"

 	"github.com/cockroachdb/errors"
-	"xorm.io/xorm"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"

 	"gogs.io/gogs/internal/errutil"
 )
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ const ownerTeamName = "Owners"
 // Team represents a organization team.
 type Team struct {
 	ID          int64
-	OrgID       int64 `xorm:"INDEX"`
+	OrgID       int64 `gorm:"index"`
 	LowerName   string
 	Name        string
 	Description string
@@ -27,14 +27,12 @@ type Team struct {
 	NumMembers  int
 }

-func (t *Team) AfterSet(colName string, _ xorm.Cell) {
-	switch colName {
-	case "num_repos":
-		// LEGACY [1.0]: this is backward compatibility bug fix for https://gogs.io/gogs/issues/3671
-		if t.NumRepos < 0 {
-			t.NumRepos = 0
-		}
+func (t *Team) AfterFind(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+	// LEGACY [1.0]: this is backward compatibility bug fix for https://gogs.io/gogs/issues/3671
+	if t.NumRepos < 0 {
+		t.NumRepos = 0
 	}
+	return nil
 }

 // IsOwnerTeam returns true if team is owner team.
@@ -52,15 +50,15 @@ func (t *Team) IsMember(userID int64) bool {
 	return IsTeamMember(t.OrgID, t.ID, userID)
 }

-func (t *Team) getRepositories(e Engine) (err error) {
+func (t *Team) getRepositories(tx *gorm.DB) (err error) {
 	teamRepos := make([]*TeamRepo, 0, t.NumRepos)
-	if err = x.Where("team_id=?", t.ID).Find(&teamRepos); err != nil {
+	if err = tx.Where("team_id = ?", t.ID).Find(&teamRepos).Error; err != nil {
 		return errors.Newf("get team-repos: %v", err)
 	}

 	t.Repos = make([]*Repository, 0, len(teamRepos))
 	for i := range teamRepos {
-		repo, err := getRepositoryByID(e, teamRepos[i].RepoID)
+		repo, err := getRepositoryByID(tx, teamRepos[i].RepoID)
 		if err != nil {
 			return errors.Newf("getRepositoryById(%d): %v", teamRepos[i].RepoID, err)
 		}
@@ -71,17 +69,17 @@ func (t *Team) getRepositories(e Engine) (err error) {

 // GetRepositories returns all repositories in team of organization.
 func (t *Team) GetRepositories() error {
-	return t.getRepositories(x)
+	return t.getRepositories(db)
 }

-func (t *Team) getMembers(e Engine) (err error) {
-	t.Members, err = getTeamMembers(e, t.ID)
+func (t *Team) getMembers(tx *gorm.DB) (err error) {
+	t.Members, err = getTeamMembers(tx, t.ID)
 	return err
 }

 // GetMembers returns all members in team of organization.
 func (t *Team) GetMembers() (err error) {
-	return t.getMembers(x)
+	return t.getMembers(db)
 }

 // AddMember adds new membership of the team to the organization,
@@ -95,34 +93,34 @@ func (t *Team) RemoveMember(uid int64) error {
 	return RemoveTeamMember(t.OrgID, t.ID, uid)
 }

-func (t *Team) hasRepository(e Engine, repoID int64) bool {
-	return hasTeamRepo(e, t.OrgID, t.ID, repoID)
+func (t *Team) hasRepository(tx *gorm.DB, repoID int64) bool {
+	return hasTeamRepo(tx, t.OrgID, t.ID, repoID)
 }

 // HasRepository returns true if given repository belong to team.
 func (t *Team) HasRepository(repoID int64) bool {
-	return t.hasRepository(x, repoID)
+	return t.hasRepository(db, repoID)
 }

-func (t *Team) addRepository(e Engine, repo *Repository) (err error) {
-	if err = addTeamRepo(e, t.OrgID, t.ID, repo.ID); err != nil {
+func (t *Team) addRepository(tx *gorm.DB, repo *Repository) (err error) {
+	if err = addTeamRepo(tx, t.OrgID, t.ID, repo.ID); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

 	t.NumRepos++
-	if _, err = e.ID(t.ID).AllCols().Update(t); err != nil {
+	if err = tx.Model(&Team{}).Where("id = ?", t.ID).Updates(t).Error; err != nil {
 		return errors.Newf("update team: %v", err)
 	}

-	if err = repo.recalculateTeamAccesses(e, 0); err != nil {
+	if err = repo.recalculateTeamAccesses(tx, 0); err != nil {
 		return errors.Newf("recalculateAccesses: %v", err)
 	}

-	if err = t.getMembers(e); err != nil {
+	if err = t.getMembers(tx); err != nil {
 		return errors.Newf("getMembers: %v", err)
 	}
 	for _, u := range t.Members {
-		if err = watchRepo(e, u.ID, repo.ID, true); err != nil {
+		if err = watchRepo(tx, u.ID, repo.ID, true); err != nil {
 			return errors.Newf("watchRepo: %v", err)
 		}
 	}
@@ -137,42 +135,34 @@ func (t *Team) AddRepository(repo *Repository) (err error) {
 		return nil
 	}

-	sess := x.NewSession()
-	defer sess.Close()
-	if err = sess.Begin(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if err = t.addRepository(sess, repo); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return sess.Commit()
+	return db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		return t.addRepository(tx, repo)
+	})
 }

-func (t *Team) removeRepository(e Engine, repo *Repository, recalculate bool) (err error) {
-	if err = removeTeamRepo(e, t.ID, repo.ID); err != nil {
+func (t *Team) removeRepository(tx *gorm.DB, repo *Repository, recalculate bool) (err error) {
+	if err = removeTeamRepo(tx, t.ID, repo.ID); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

 	t.NumRepos--
-	if _, err = e.ID(t.ID).AllCols().Update(t); err != nil {
+	if err = tx.Model(&Team{}).Where("id = ?", t.ID).Updates(t).Error; err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

 	// Don't need to recalculate when delete a repository from organization.
 	if recalculate {
-		if err = repo.recalculateTeamAccesses(e, t.ID); err != nil {
+		if err = repo.recalculateTeamAccesses(tx, t.ID); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}

-	if err = t.getMembers(e); err != nil {
+	if err = t.getMembers(tx); err != nil {
 		return errors.Newf("get team members: %v", err)
 	}

 	// TODO: Delete me when this method is migrated to use GORM.
-	userAccessMode := func(e Engine, userID int64, repo *Repository) (AccessMode, error) {
+	userAccessMode := func(tx *gorm.DB, userID int64, repo *Repository) (AccessMode, error) {
 		mode := AccessModeNone
 		// Everyone has read access to public repository
 		if !repo.IsPrivate {
@@ -191,26 +181,29 @@ func (t *Team) removeRepository(e Engine, repo *Repository, recalculate bool) (e
 			UserID: userID,
 			RepoID: repo.ID,
 		}
-		if has, err := e.Get(access); !has || err != nil {
+		err := tx.Where("user_id = ? AND repo_id = ?", userID, repo.ID).First(access).Error
+		if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
+			return mode, nil
+		} else if err != nil {
 			return mode, err
 		}
 		return access.Mode, nil
 	}

-	hasAccess := func(e Engine, userID int64, repo *Repository, testMode AccessMode) (bool, error) {
-		mode, err := userAccessMode(e, userID, repo)
+	hasAccess := func(tx *gorm.DB, userID int64, repo *Repository, testMode AccessMode) (bool, error) {
+		mode, err := userAccessMode(tx, userID, repo)
 		return mode >= testMode, err
 	}

 	for _, member := range t.Members {
-		has, err := hasAccess(e, member.ID, repo, AccessModeRead)
+		has, err := hasAccess(tx, member.ID, repo, AccessModeRead)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		} else if has {
 			continue
 		}

-		if err = watchRepo(e, member.ID, repo.ID, false); err != nil {
+		if err = watchRepo(tx, member.ID, repo.ID, false); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
@@ -229,17 +222,9 @@ func (t *Team) RemoveRepository(repoID int64) error {
 		return err
 	}

-	sess := x.NewSession()
-	defer sess.Close()
-	if err = sess.Begin(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if err = t.removeRepository(sess, repo, true); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return sess.Commit()
+	return db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		return t.removeRepository(tx, repo, true)
+	})
 }

 var reservedTeamNames = map[string]struct{}{
@@ -264,37 +249,30 @@ func NewTeam(t *Team) error {
 		return err
 	}

-	has, err := x.Id(t.OrgID).Get(new(User))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	} else if !has {
+	err := db.Where("id = ?", t.OrgID).First(new(User)).Error
+	if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
 		return ErrOrgNotExist
+	} else if err != nil {
+		return err
 	}

 	t.LowerName = strings.ToLower(t.Name)
 	existingTeam := Team{}
-	has, err = x.Where("org_id=?", t.OrgID).And("lower_name=?", t.LowerName).Get(&existingTeam)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	} else if has {
+	err = db.Where("org_id = ? AND lower_name = ?", t.OrgID, t.LowerName).First(&existingTeam).Error
+	if err == nil {
 		return ErrTeamAlreadyExist{existingTeam.ID, t.OrgID, t.LowerName}
-	}
-
-	sess := x.NewSession()
-	defer sess.Close()
-	if err = sess.Begin(); err != nil {
+	} else if !errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
 		return err
 	}

-	if _, err = sess.Insert(t); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
+	return db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		if err := tx.Create(t).Error; err != nil {
+			return err
+		}

-	// Update organization number of teams.
-	if _, err = sess.Exec("UPDATE `user` SET num_teams=num_teams+1 WHERE id = ?", t.OrgID); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return sess.Commit()
+		// Update organization number of teams.
+		return tx.Exec("UPDATE `user` SET num_teams=num_teams+1 WHERE id = ?", t.OrgID).Error
+	})
 }

 var _ errutil.NotFound = (*ErrTeamNotExist)(nil)
@@ -316,49 +294,46 @@ func (ErrTeamNotExist) NotFound() bool {
 	return true
 }

-func getTeamOfOrgByName(e Engine, orgID int64, name string) (*Team, error) {
-	t := &Team{
-		OrgID:     orgID,
-		LowerName: strings.ToLower(name),
-	}
-	has, err := e.Get(t)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	} else if !has {
+func getTeamOfOrgByName(tx *gorm.DB, orgID int64, name string) (*Team, error) {
+	t := new(Team)
+	err := tx.Where("org_id = ? AND lower_name = ?", orgID, strings.ToLower(name)).First(t).Error
+	if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
 		return nil, ErrTeamNotExist{args: map[string]any{"orgID": orgID, "name": name}}
+	} else if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
 	}
 	return t, nil
 }

 // GetTeamOfOrgByName returns team by given team name and organization.
 func GetTeamOfOrgByName(orgID int64, name string) (*Team, error) {
-	return getTeamOfOrgByName(x, orgID, name)
+	return getTeamOfOrgByName(db, orgID, name)
 }

-func getTeamByID(e Engine, teamID int64) (*Team, error) {
+func getTeamByID(tx *gorm.DB, teamID int64) (*Team, error) {
 	t := new(Team)
-	has, err := e.ID(teamID).Get(t)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	} else if !has {
+	err := tx.Where("id = ?", teamID).First(t).Error
+	if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
 		return nil, ErrTeamNotExist{args: map[string]any{"teamID": teamID}}
+	} else if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
 	}
 	return t, nil
 }

 // GetTeamByID returns team by given ID.
 func GetTeamByID(teamID int64) (*Team, error) {
-	return getTeamByID(x, teamID)
+	return getTeamByID(db, teamID)
 }

-func getTeamsByOrgID(e Engine, orgID int64) ([]*Team, error) {
+func getTeamsByOrgID(tx *gorm.DB, orgID int64) ([]*Team, error) {
 	teams := make([]*Team, 0, 3)
-	return teams, e.Where("org_id = ?", orgID).Find(&teams)
+	return teams, tx.Where("org_id = ?", orgID).Find(&teams).Error
 }

 // GetTeamsByOrgID returns all teams belong to given organization.
 func GetTeamsByOrgID(orgID int64) ([]*Team, error) {
-	return getTeamsByOrgID(x, orgID)
+	return getTeamsByOrgID(db, orgID)
 }

 // UpdateTeam updates information of team.
@@ -371,39 +346,35 @@ func UpdateTeam(t *Team, authChanged bool) (err error) {
 		t.Description = t.Description[:255]
 	}

-	sess := x.NewSession()
-	defer sess.Close()
-	if err = sess.Begin(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
 	t.LowerName = strings.ToLower(t.Name)
 	existingTeam := new(Team)
-	has, err := x.Where("org_id=?", t.OrgID).And("lower_name=?", t.LowerName).And("id!=?", t.ID).Get(existingTeam)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	} else if has {
+	err = db.Where("org_id = ? AND lower_name = ? AND id != ?", t.OrgID, t.LowerName, t.ID).First(existingTeam).Error
+	if err == nil {
 		return ErrTeamAlreadyExist{existingTeam.ID, t.OrgID, t.LowerName}
+	} else if !errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
+		return err
 	}

-	if _, err = sess.ID(t.ID).AllCols().Update(t); err != nil {
-		return errors.Newf("update: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	// Update access for team members if needed.
-	if authChanged {
-		if err = t.getRepositories(sess); err != nil {
-			return errors.Newf("getRepositories:%v", err)
+	return db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		if err := tx.Model(&Team{}).Where("id = ?", t.ID).Updates(t).Error; err != nil {
+			return errors.Newf("update: %v", err)
 		}

-		for _, repo := range t.Repos {
-			if err = repo.recalculateTeamAccesses(sess, 0); err != nil {
-				return errors.Newf("recalculateTeamAccesses: %v", err)
+		// Update access for team members if needed.
+		if authChanged {
+			if err := t.getRepositories(tx); err != nil {
+				return errors.Newf("getRepositories:%v", err)
+			}
+
+			for _, repo := range t.Repos {
+				if err := repo.recalculateTeamAccesses(tx, 0); err != nil {
+					return errors.Newf("recalculateTeamAccesses: %v", err)
+				}
 			}
 		}
-	}

-	return sess.Commit()
+		return nil
+	})
 }

 // DeleteTeam deletes given team.
@@ -419,34 +390,26 @@ func DeleteTeam(t *Team) error {
 		return err
 	}

-	sess := x.NewSession()
-	defer sess.Close()
-	if err = sess.Begin(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
+	return db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		// Delete all accesses.
+		for _, repo := range t.Repos {
+			if err := repo.recalculateTeamAccesses(tx, t.ID); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}

-	// Delete all accesses.
-	for _, repo := range t.Repos {
-		if err = repo.recalculateTeamAccesses(sess, t.ID); err != nil {
+		// Delete team-user.
+		if err := tx.Where("org_id = ? AND team_id = ?", org.ID, t.ID).Delete(new(TeamUser)).Error; err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-	}

-	// Delete team-user.
-	if _, err = sess.Where("org_id=?", org.ID).Where("team_id=?", t.ID).Delete(new(TeamUser)); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	// Delete team.
-	if _, err = sess.ID(t.ID).Delete(new(Team)); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	// Update organization number of teams.
-	if _, err = sess.Exec("UPDATE `user` SET num_teams=num_teams-1 WHERE id=?", t.OrgID); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return sess.Commit()
+		// Delete team.
+		if err := tx.Where("id = ?", t.ID).Delete(new(Team)).Error; err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		// Update organization number of teams.
+		return tx.Exec("UPDATE `user` SET num_teams=num_teams-1 WHERE id = ?", t.OrgID).Error
+	})
 }

 // ___________                    ____ ___
@@ -459,31 +422,30 @@ func DeleteTeam(t *Team) error {
 // TeamUser represents an team-user relation.
 type TeamUser struct {
 	ID     int64
-	OrgID  int64 `xorm:"INDEX"`
-	TeamID int64 `xorm:"UNIQUE(s)"`
-	UID    int64 `xorm:"UNIQUE(s)"`
+	OrgID  int64 `gorm:"index"`
+	TeamID int64 `gorm:"uniqueIndex:team_user_team_id_uid"`
+	UID    int64 `gorm:"uniqueIndex:team_user_team_id_uid"`
 }

-func isTeamMember(e Engine, orgID, teamID, uid int64) bool {
-	has, _ := e.Where("org_id=?", orgID).And("team_id=?", teamID).And("uid=?", uid).Get(new(TeamUser))
-	return has
+func isTeamMember(tx *gorm.DB, orgID, teamID, uid int64) bool {
+	err := tx.Where("org_id = ? AND team_id = ? AND uid = ?", orgID, teamID, uid).First(new(TeamUser)).Error
+	return err == nil
 }

 // IsTeamMember returns true if given user is a member of team.
 func IsTeamMember(orgID, teamID, uid int64) bool {
-	return isTeamMember(x, orgID, teamID, uid)
+	return isTeamMember(db, orgID, teamID, uid)
 }

-func getTeamMembers(e Engine, teamID int64) (_ []*User, err error) {
+func getTeamMembers(tx *gorm.DB, teamID int64) (_ []*User, err error) {
 	teamUsers := make([]*TeamUser, 0, 10)
-	if err = e.Sql("SELECT `id`, `org_id`, `team_id`, `uid` FROM `team_user` WHERE team_id = ?", teamID).
-		Find(&teamUsers); err != nil {
+	if err = tx.Select("id, org_id, team_id, uid").Where("team_id = ?", teamID).Find(&teamUsers).Error; err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Newf("get team-users: %v", err)
 	}
 	members := make([]*User, 0, len(teamUsers))
 	for i := range teamUsers {
 		member := new(User)
-		if _, err = e.ID(teamUsers[i].UID).Get(member); err != nil {
+		if err = tx.Where("id = ?", teamUsers[i].UID).First(member).Error; err != nil {
 			return nil, errors.Newf("get user '%d': %v", teamUsers[i].UID, err)
 		}
 		members = append(members, member)
@@ -493,12 +455,12 @@ func getTeamMembers(e Engine, teamID int64) (_ []*User, err error) {

 // GetTeamMembers returns all members in given team of organization.
 func GetTeamMembers(teamID int64) ([]*User, error) {
-	return getTeamMembers(x, teamID)
+	return getTeamMembers(db, teamID)
 }

-func getUserTeams(e Engine, orgID, userID int64) ([]*Team, error) {
+func getUserTeams(tx *gorm.DB, orgID, userID int64) ([]*Team, error) {
 	teamUsers := make([]*TeamUser, 0, 5)
-	if err := e.Where("uid = ?", userID).And("org_id = ?", orgID).Find(&teamUsers); err != nil {
+	if err := tx.Where("uid = ? AND org_id = ?", userID, orgID).Find(&teamUsers).Error; err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

@@ -509,12 +471,12 @@ func getUserTeams(e Engine, orgID, userID int64) ([]*Team, error) {
 	teamIDs[len(teamUsers)] = -1

 	teams := make([]*Team, 0, len(teamIDs))
-	return teams, e.Where("org_id = ?", orgID).In("id", teamIDs).Find(&teams)
+	return teams, tx.Where("org_id = ? AND id IN ?", orgID, teamIDs).Find(&teams).Error
 }

 // GetUserTeams returns all teams that user belongs to in given organization.
 func GetUserTeams(orgID, userID int64) ([]*Team, error) {
-	return getUserTeams(x, orgID, userID)
+	return getUserTeams(db, orgID, userID)
 }

 // AddTeamMember adds new membership of given team to given organization,
@@ -539,53 +501,46 @@ func AddTeamMember(orgID, teamID, userID int64) error {
 		return err
 	}

-	sess := x.NewSession()
-	defer sess.Close()
-	if err = sess.Begin(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	tu := &TeamUser{
-		UID:    userID,
-		OrgID:  orgID,
-		TeamID: teamID,
-	}
-	if _, err = sess.Insert(tu); err != nil {
-		return err
-	} else if _, err = sess.ID(t.ID).Update(t); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	// Give access to team repositories.
-	for _, repo := range t.Repos {
-		if err = repo.recalculateTeamAccesses(sess, 0); err != nil {
+	return db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		tu := &TeamUser{
+			UID:    userID,
+			OrgID:  orgID,
+			TeamID: teamID,
+		}
+		if err := tx.Create(tu).Error; err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if err := tx.Model(&Team{}).Where("id = ?", t.ID).Updates(t).Error; err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-	}

-	// We make sure it exists before.
-	ou := new(OrgUser)
-	if _, err = sess.Where("uid = ?", userID).And("org_id = ?", orgID).Get(ou); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	ou.NumTeams++
-	if t.IsOwnerTeam() {
-		ou.IsOwner = true
-	}
-	if _, err = sess.ID(ou.ID).AllCols().Update(ou); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
+		// Give access to team repositories.
+		for _, repo := range t.Repos {
+			if err := repo.recalculateTeamAccesses(tx, 0); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}

-	return sess.Commit()
+		// We make sure it exists before.
+		ou := new(OrgUser)
+		if err := tx.Where("uid = ? AND org_id = ?", userID, orgID).First(ou).Error; err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		ou.NumTeams++
+		if t.IsOwnerTeam() {
+			ou.IsOwner = true
+		}
+		return tx.Model(&OrgUser{}).Where("id = ?", ou.ID).Updates(ou).Error
+	})
 }

-func removeTeamMember(e Engine, orgID, teamID, uid int64) error {
-	if !isTeamMember(e, orgID, teamID, uid) {
+func removeTeamMember(tx *gorm.DB, orgID, teamID, uid int64) error {
+	if !isTeamMember(tx, orgID, teamID, uid) {
 		return nil
 	}

 	// Get team and its repositories.
-	t, err := getTeamByID(e, teamID)
+	t, err := getTeamByID(tx, teamID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -597,12 +552,12 @@ func removeTeamMember(e Engine, orgID, teamID, uid int64) error {

 	t.NumMembers--

-	if err = t.getRepositories(e); err != nil {
+	if err = t.getRepositories(tx); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

 	// Get organization.
-	org, err := getUserByID(e, orgID)
+	org, err := getUserByID(tx, orgID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -612,46 +567,37 @@ func removeTeamMember(e Engine, orgID, teamID, uid int64) error {
 		OrgID:  orgID,
 		TeamID: teamID,
 	}
-	if _, err := e.Delete(tu); err != nil {
+	if err := tx.Where("uid = ? AND org_id = ? AND team_id = ?", uid, orgID, teamID).Delete(tu).Error; err != nil {
 		return err
-	} else if _, err = e.ID(t.ID).AllCols().Update(t); err != nil {
+	}
+	if err = tx.Model(&Team{}).Where("id = ?", t.ID).Updates(t).Error; err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

 	// Delete access to team repositories.
 	for _, repo := range t.Repos {
-		if err = repo.recalculateTeamAccesses(e, 0); err != nil {
+		if err = repo.recalculateTeamAccesses(tx, 0); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}

 	// This must exist.
 	ou := new(OrgUser)
-	_, err = e.Where("uid = ?", uid).And("org_id = ?", org.ID).Get(ou)
-	if err != nil {
+	if err = tx.Where("uid = ? AND org_id = ?", uid, org.ID).First(ou).Error; err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	ou.NumTeams--
 	if t.IsOwnerTeam() {
 		ou.IsOwner = false
 	}
-	if _, err = e.ID(ou.ID).AllCols().Update(ou); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return nil
+	return tx.Model(&OrgUser{}).Where("id = ?", ou.ID).Updates(ou).Error
 }

 // RemoveTeamMember removes member from given team of given organization.
 func RemoveTeamMember(orgID, teamID, uid int64) error {
-	sess := x.NewSession()
-	defer sess.Close()
-	if err := sess.Begin(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	if err := removeTeamMember(sess, orgID, teamID, uid); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return sess.Commit()
+	return db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		return removeTeamMember(tx, orgID, teamID, uid)
+	})
 }

 // ___________                  __________
@@ -664,54 +610,49 @@ func RemoveTeamMember(orgID, teamID, uid int64) error {
 // TeamRepo represents an team-repository relation.
 type TeamRepo struct {
 	ID     int64
-	OrgID  int64 `xorm:"INDEX"`
-	TeamID int64 `xorm:"UNIQUE(s)"`
-	RepoID int64 `xorm:"UNIQUE(s)"`
+	OrgID  int64 `gorm:"index"`
+	TeamID int64 `gorm:"uniqueIndex:team_repo_team_id_repo_id"`
+	RepoID int64 `gorm:"uniqueIndex:team_repo_team_id_repo_id"`
 }

-func hasTeamRepo(e Engine, orgID, teamID, repoID int64) bool {
-	has, _ := e.Where("org_id = ?", orgID).And("team_id = ?", teamID).And("repo_id = ?", repoID).Get(new(TeamRepo))
-	return has
+func hasTeamRepo(tx *gorm.DB, orgID, teamID, repoID int64) bool {
+	err := tx.Where("org_id = ? AND team_id = ? AND repo_id = ?", orgID, teamID, repoID).First(new(TeamRepo)).Error
+	return err == nil
 }

 // HasTeamRepo returns true if given team has access to the repository of the organization.
 func HasTeamRepo(orgID, teamID, repoID int64) bool {
-	return hasTeamRepo(x, orgID, teamID, repoID)
+	return hasTeamRepo(db, orgID, teamID, repoID)
 }

-func addTeamRepo(e Engine, orgID, teamID, repoID int64) error {
-	_, err := e.InsertOne(&TeamRepo{
+func addTeamRepo(tx *gorm.DB, orgID, teamID, repoID int64) error {
+	return tx.Create(&TeamRepo{
 		OrgID:  orgID,
 		TeamID: teamID,
 		RepoID: repoID,
-	})
-	return err
+	}).Error
 }

 // AddTeamRepo adds new repository relation to team.
 func AddTeamRepo(orgID, teamID, repoID int64) error {
-	return addTeamRepo(x, orgID, teamID, repoID)
+	return addTeamRepo(db, orgID, teamID, repoID)
 }

-func removeTeamRepo(e Engine, teamID, repoID int64) error {
-	_, err := e.Delete(&TeamRepo{
-		TeamID: teamID,
-		RepoID: repoID,
-	})
-	return err
+func removeTeamRepo(tx *gorm.DB, teamID, repoID int64) error {
+	return tx.Where("team_id = ? AND repo_id = ?", teamID, repoID).Delete(new(TeamRepo)).Error
 }

 // RemoveTeamRepo deletes repository relation to team.
 func RemoveTeamRepo(teamID, repoID int64) error {
-	return removeTeamRepo(x, teamID, repoID)
+	return removeTeamRepo(db, teamID, repoID)
 }

 // GetTeamsHaveAccessToRepo returns all teams in an organization that have given access level to the repository.
 func GetTeamsHaveAccessToRepo(orgID, repoID int64, mode AccessMode) ([]*Team, error) {
 	teams := make([]*Team, 0, 5)
-	return teams, x.Where("team.authorize >= ?", mode).
-		Join("INNER", "team_repo", "team_repo.team_id = team.id").
-		And("team_repo.org_id = ?", orgID).
-		And("team_repo.repo_id = ?", repoID).
-		Find(&teams)
+	return teams, db.Table("team").
+		Where("team.authorize >= ?", mode).
+		Joins("INNER JOIN team_repo ON team_repo.team_id = team.id").
+		Where("team_repo.org_id = ? AND team_repo.repo_id = ?", orgID, repoID).
+		Find(&teams).Error
 }
--- a/internal/database/pull.go
+++ b/internal/database/pull.go
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ import (

 	"github.com/cockroachdb/errors"
 	"github.com/unknwon/com"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
 	log "unknwon.dev/clog/v2"
-	"xorm.io/xorm"

 	"github.com/gogs/git-module"
 	api "github.com/gogs/go-gogs-client"
@@ -71,35 +71,31 @@ func (pr *PullRequest) BeforeUpdate() {
 }

 // Note: don't try to get Issue because will end up recursive querying.
-func (pr *PullRequest) AfterSet(colName string, _ xorm.Cell) {
-	switch colName {
-	case "merged_unix":
-		if !pr.HasMerged {
-			return
-		}
-
+func (pr *PullRequest) AfterFind(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+	if pr.HasMerged {
 		pr.Merged = time.Unix(pr.MergedUnix, 0).Local()
 	}
+	return nil
 }

 // Note: don't try to get Issue because will end up recursive querying.
-func (pr *PullRequest) loadAttributes(e Engine) (err error) {
+func (pr *PullRequest) loadAttributes(db *gorm.DB) (err error) {
 	if pr.HeadRepo == nil {
-		pr.HeadRepo, err = getRepositoryByID(e, pr.HeadRepoID)
+		pr.HeadRepo, err = getRepositoryByID(db, pr.HeadRepoID)
 		if err != nil && !IsErrRepoNotExist(err) {
 			return errors.Newf("get head repository by ID: %v", err)
 		}
 	}

 	if pr.BaseRepo == nil {
-		pr.BaseRepo, err = getRepositoryByID(e, pr.BaseRepoID)
+		pr.BaseRepo, err = getRepositoryByID(db, pr.BaseRepoID)
 		if err != nil {
 			return errors.Newf("get base repository by ID: %v", err)
 		}
 	}

 	if pr.HasMerged && pr.Merger == nil {
-		pr.Merger, err = getUserByID(e, pr.MergerID)
+		pr.Merger, err = getUserByID(db, pr.MergerID)
 		if IsErrUserNotExist(err) {
 			pr.MergerID = -1
 			pr.Merger = NewGhostUser()
@@ -112,7 +108,7 @@ func (pr *PullRequest) loadAttributes(e Engine) (err error) {
 }

 func (pr *PullRequest) LoadAttributes() error {
-	return pr.loadAttributes(x)
+	return pr.loadAttributes(db)
 }

 func (pr *PullRequest) LoadIssue() (err error) {
@@ -199,198 +195,190 @@ func (pr *PullRequest) Merge(doer *User, baseGitRepo *git.Repository, mergeStyle
 		go AddTestPullRequestTask(doer, pr.BaseRepo.ID, pr.BaseBranch, false)
 	}()

-	sess := x.NewSession()
-	defer sess.Close()
-	if err = sess.Begin(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if err = pr.Issue.changeStatus(sess, doer, pr.Issue.Repo, true); err != nil {
-		return errors.Newf("Issue.changeStatus: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	headRepoPath := RepoPath(pr.HeadUserName, pr.HeadRepo.Name)
-	headGitRepo, err := git.Open(headRepoPath)
-	if err != nil {
-		return errors.Newf("open repository: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	// Create temporary directory to store temporary copy of the base repository,
-	// and clean it up when operation finished regardless of succeed or not.
-	tmpBasePath := filepath.Join(conf.Server.AppDataPath, "tmp", "repos", com.ToStr(time.Now().Nanosecond())+".git")
-	if err = os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(tmpBasePath), os.ModePerm); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	defer func() {
-		_ = os.RemoveAll(filepath.Dir(tmpBasePath))
-	}()
-
-	// Clone the base repository to the defined temporary directory,
-	// and checks out to base branch directly.
-	var stderr string
-	if _, stderr, err = process.ExecTimeout(5*time.Minute,
-		fmt.Sprintf("PullRequest.Merge (git clone): %s", tmpBasePath),
-		"git", "clone", "-b", pr.BaseBranch, baseGitRepo.Path(), tmpBasePath); err != nil {
-		return errors.Newf("git clone: %s", stderr)
-	}
-
-	// Add remote which points to the head repository.
-	if _, stderr, err = process.ExecDir(-1, tmpBasePath,
-		fmt.Sprintf("PullRequest.Merge (git remote add): %s", tmpBasePath),
-		"git", "remote", "add", "head_repo", headRepoPath); err != nil {
-		return errors.Newf("git remote add [%s -> %s]: %s", headRepoPath, tmpBasePath, stderr)
-	}
-
-	// Fetch information from head repository to the temporary copy.
-	if _, stderr, err = process.ExecDir(-1, tmpBasePath,
-		fmt.Sprintf("PullRequest.Merge (git fetch): %s", tmpBasePath),
-		"git", "fetch", "head_repo"); err != nil {
-		return errors.Newf("git fetch [%s -> %s]: %s", headRepoPath, tmpBasePath, stderr)
-	}
-
-	remoteHeadBranch := "head_repo/" + pr.HeadBranch
-
-	// Check if merge style is allowed, reset to default style if not
-	if mergeStyle == MergeStyleRebase && !pr.BaseRepo.PullsAllowRebase {
-		mergeStyle = MergeStyleRegular
-	}
-
-	switch mergeStyle {
-	case MergeStyleRegular: // Create merge commit
-
-		// Merge changes from head branch.
-		if _, stderr, err = process.ExecDir(-1, tmpBasePath,
-			fmt.Sprintf("PullRequest.Merge (git merge --no-ff --no-commit): %s", tmpBasePath),
-			"git", "merge", "--no-ff", "--no-commit", remoteHeadBranch); err != nil {
-			return errors.Newf("git merge --no-ff --no-commit [%s]: %v - %s", tmpBasePath, err, stderr)
+	return db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		if err := pr.Issue.changeStatus(tx, doer, pr.Issue.Repo, true); err != nil {
+			return errors.Newf("Issue.changeStatus: %v", err)
 		}

-		// Create a merge commit for the base branch.
-		if _, stderr, err = process.ExecDir(-1, tmpBasePath,
-			fmt.Sprintf("PullRequest.Merge (git merge): %s", tmpBasePath),
-			"git", "commit", fmt.Sprintf("--author='%s <%s>'", doer.DisplayName(), doer.Email),
-			"-m", fmt.Sprintf("Merge branch '%s' of %s/%s into %s", pr.HeadBranch, pr.HeadUserName, pr.HeadRepo.Name, pr.BaseBranch),
-			"-m", commitDescription); err != nil {
-			return errors.Newf("git commit [%s]: %v - %s", tmpBasePath, err, stderr)
+		headRepoPath := RepoPath(pr.HeadUserName, pr.HeadRepo.Name)
+		headGitRepo, err := git.Open(headRepoPath)
+		if err != nil {
+			return errors.Newf("open repository: %v", err)
 		}

-	case MergeStyleRebase: // Rebase before merging
+		// Create temporary directory to store temporary copy of the base repository,
+		// and clean it up when operation finished regardless of succeed or not.
+		tmpBasePath := filepath.Join(conf.Server.AppDataPath, "tmp", "repos", com.ToStr(time.Now().Nanosecond())+".git")
+		if err = os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(tmpBasePath), os.ModePerm); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		defer func() {
+			_ = os.RemoveAll(filepath.Dir(tmpBasePath))
+		}()

-		// Rebase head branch based on base branch, this creates a non-branch commit state.
-		if _, stderr, err = process.ExecDir(-1, tmpBasePath,
-			fmt.Sprintf("PullRequest.Merge (git rebase): %s", tmpBasePath),
-			"git", "rebase", "--quiet", pr.BaseBranch, remoteHeadBranch); err != nil {
-			return errors.Newf("git rebase [%s on %s]: %s", remoteHeadBranch, pr.BaseBranch, stderr)
+		// Clone the base repository to the defined temporary directory,
+		// and checks out to base branch directly.
+		var stderr string
+		if _, stderr, err = process.ExecTimeout(5*time.Minute,
+			fmt.Sprintf("PullRequest.Merge (git clone): %s", tmpBasePath),
+			"git", "clone", "-b", pr.BaseBranch, baseGitRepo.Path(), tmpBasePath); err != nil {
+			return errors.Newf("git clone: %s", stderr)
 		}

-		// Name non-branch commit state to a new temporary branch in order to save changes.
-		tmpBranch := com.ToStr(time.Now().UnixNano(), 10)
+		// Add remote which points to the head repository.
 		if _, stderr, err = process.ExecDir(-1, tmpBasePath,
-			fmt.Sprintf("PullRequest.Merge (git checkout): %s", tmpBasePath),
-			"git", "checkout", "-b", tmpBranch); err != nil {
-			return errors.Newf("git checkout '%s': %s", tmpBranch, stderr)
+			fmt.Sprintf("PullRequest.Merge (git remote add): %s", tmpBasePath),
+			"git", "remote", "add", "head_repo", headRepoPath); err != nil {
+			return errors.Newf("git remote add [%s -> %s]: %s", headRepoPath, tmpBasePath, stderr)
 		}

-		// Check out the base branch to be operated on.
+		// Fetch information from head repository to the temporary copy.
 		if _, stderr, err = process.ExecDir(-1, tmpBasePath,
-			fmt.Sprintf("PullRequest.Merge (git checkout): %s", tmpBasePath),
-			"git", "checkout", pr.BaseBranch); err != nil {
-			return errors.Newf("git checkout '%s': %s", pr.BaseBranch, stderr)
+			fmt.Sprintf("PullRequest.Merge (git fetch): %s", tmpBasePath),
+			"git", "fetch", "head_repo"); err != nil {
+			return errors.Newf("git fetch [%s -> %s]: %s", headRepoPath, tmpBasePath, stderr)
 		}

-		// Merge changes from temporary branch to the base branch.
-		if _, stderr, err = process.ExecDir(-1, tmpBasePath,
-			fmt.Sprintf("PullRequest.Merge (git merge): %s", tmpBasePath),
-			"git", "merge", tmpBranch); err != nil {
-			return errors.Newf("git merge [%s]: %v - %s", tmpBasePath, err, stderr)
+		remoteHeadBranch := "head_repo/" + pr.HeadBranch
+
+		// Check if merge style is allowed, reset to default style if not
+		if mergeStyle == MergeStyleRebase && !pr.BaseRepo.PullsAllowRebase {
+			mergeStyle = MergeStyleRegular
 		}

-	default:
-		return errors.Newf("unknown merge style: %s", mergeStyle)
-	}
+		switch mergeStyle {
+		case MergeStyleRegular: // Create merge commit

-	// Push changes on base branch to upstream.
-	if _, stderr, err = process.ExecDir(-1, tmpBasePath,
-		fmt.Sprintf("PullRequest.Merge (git push): %s", tmpBasePath),
-		"git", "push", baseGitRepo.Path(), pr.BaseBranch); err != nil {
-		return errors.Newf("git push: %s", stderr)
-	}
+			// Merge changes from head branch.
+			if _, stderr, err = process.ExecDir(-1, tmpBasePath,
+				fmt.Sprintf("PullRequest.Merge (git merge --no-ff --no-commit): %s", tmpBasePath),
+				"git", "merge", "--no-ff", "--no-commit", remoteHeadBranch); err != nil {
+				return errors.Newf("git merge --no-ff --no-commit [%s]: %v - %s", tmpBasePath, err, stderr)
+			}

-	pr.MergedCommitID, err = headGitRepo.BranchCommitID(pr.HeadBranch)
-	if err != nil {
-		return errors.Newf("get head branch %q commit ID: %v", pr.HeadBranch, err)
-	}
+			// Create a merge commit for the base branch.
+			if _, stderr, err = process.ExecDir(-1, tmpBasePath,
+				fmt.Sprintf("PullRequest.Merge (git merge): %s", tmpBasePath),
+				"git", "commit", fmt.Sprintf("--author='%s <%s>'", doer.DisplayName(), doer.Email),
+				"-m", fmt.Sprintf("Merge branch '%s' of %s/%s into %s", pr.HeadBranch, pr.HeadUserName, pr.HeadRepo.Name, pr.BaseBranch),
+				"-m", commitDescription); err != nil {
+				return errors.Newf("git commit [%s]: %v - %s", tmpBasePath, err, stderr)
+			}

-	pr.HasMerged = true
-	pr.Merged = time.Now()
-	pr.MergerID = doer.ID
-	if _, err = sess.ID(pr.ID).AllCols().Update(pr); err != nil {
-		return errors.Newf("update pull request: %v", err)
-	}
+		case MergeStyleRebase: // Rebase before merging

-	if err = sess.Commit(); err != nil {
-		return errors.Newf("commit: %v", err)
-	}
+			// Rebase head branch based on base branch, this creates a non-branch commit state.
+			if _, stderr, err = process.ExecDir(-1, tmpBasePath,
+				fmt.Sprintf("PullRequest.Merge (git rebase): %s", tmpBasePath),
+				"git", "rebase", "--quiet", pr.BaseBranch, remoteHeadBranch); err != nil {
+				return errors.Newf("git rebase [%s on %s]: %s", remoteHeadBranch, pr.BaseBranch, stderr)
+			}

-	if err = Handle.Actions().MergePullRequest(ctx, doer, pr.Issue.Repo.Owner, pr.Issue.Repo, pr.Issue); err != nil {
-		log.Error("Failed to create action for merge pull request, pull_request_id: %d, error: %v", pr.ID, err)
-	}
+			// Name non-branch commit state to a new temporary branch in order to save changes.
+			tmpBranch := com.ToStr(time.Now().UnixNano(), 10)
+			if _, stderr, err = process.ExecDir(-1, tmpBasePath,
+				fmt.Sprintf("PullRequest.Merge (git checkout): %s", tmpBasePath),
+				"git", "checkout", "-b", tmpBranch); err != nil {
+				return errors.Newf("git checkout '%s': %s", tmpBranch, stderr)
+			}

-	// Reload pull request information.
-	if err = pr.LoadAttributes(); err != nil {
-		log.Error("LoadAttributes: %v", err)
+			// Check out the base branch to be operated on.
+			if _, stderr, err = process.ExecDir(-1, tmpBasePath,
+				fmt.Sprintf("PullRequest.Merge (git checkout): %s", tmpBasePath),
+				"git", "checkout", pr.BaseBranch); err != nil {
+				return errors.Newf("git checkout '%s': %s", pr.BaseBranch, stderr)
+			}
+
+			// Merge changes from temporary branch to the base branch.
+			if _, stderr, err = process.ExecDir(-1, tmpBasePath,
+				fmt.Sprintf("PullRequest.Merge (git merge): %s", tmpBasePath),
+				"git", "merge", tmpBranch); err != nil {
+				return errors.Newf("git merge [%s]: %v - %s", tmpBasePath, err, stderr)
+			}
+
+		default:
+			return errors.Newf("unknown merge style: %s", mergeStyle)
+		}
+
+		// Push changes on base branch to upstream.
+		if _, stderr, err = process.ExecDir(-1, tmpBasePath,
+			fmt.Sprintf("PullRequest.Merge (git push): %s", tmpBasePath),
+			"git", "push", baseGitRepo.Path(), pr.BaseBranch); err != nil {
+			return errors.Newf("git push: %s", stderr)
+		}
+
+		pr.MergedCommitID, err = headGitRepo.BranchCommitID(pr.HeadBranch)
+		if err != nil {
+			return errors.Newf("get head branch %q commit ID: %v", pr.HeadBranch, err)
+		}
+
+		pr.HasMerged = true
+		pr.Merged = time.Now()
+		pr.MergerID = doer.ID
+		if err := tx.Model(&PullRequest{}).Where("id = ?", pr.ID).Updates(pr).Error; err != nil {
+			return errors.Newf("update pull request: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		if err = Handle.Actions().MergePullRequest(ctx, doer, pr.Issue.Repo.Owner, pr.Issue.Repo, pr.Issue); err != nil {
+			log.Error("Failed to create action for merge pull request, pull_request_id: %d, error: %v", pr.ID, err)
+		}
+
+		// Reload pull request information.
+		if err = pr.LoadAttributes(); err != nil {
+			log.Error("LoadAttributes: %v", err)
+			return nil
+		}
+		if err = PrepareWebhooks(pr.Issue.Repo, HookEventTypePullRequest, &api.PullRequestPayload{
+			Action:      api.HOOK_ISSUE_CLOSED,
+			Index:       pr.Index,
+			PullRequest: pr.APIFormat(),
+			Repository:  pr.Issue.Repo.APIFormatLegacy(nil),
+			Sender:      doer.APIFormat(),
+		}); err != nil {
+			log.Error("PrepareWebhooks: %v", err)
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		commits, err := headGitRepo.RevList([]string{pr.MergeBase + "..." + pr.MergedCommitID})
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("Failed to list commits [merge_base: %s, merged_commit_id: %s]: %v", pr.MergeBase, pr.MergedCommitID, err)
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		// NOTE: It is possible that head branch is not fully sync with base branch
+		// for merge commits, so we need to get latest head commit and append merge
+		// commit manually to avoid strange diff commits produced.
+		mergeCommit, err := baseGitRepo.BranchCommit(pr.BaseBranch)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("Failed to get base branch %q commit: %v", pr.BaseBranch, err)
+			return nil
+		}
+		if mergeStyle == MergeStyleRegular {
+			commits = append([]*git.Commit{mergeCommit}, commits...)
+		}
+
+		pcs, err := CommitsToPushCommits(commits).APIFormat(ctx, Handle.Users(), pr.BaseRepo.RepoPath(), pr.BaseRepo.HTMLURL())
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("Failed to convert to API payload commits: %v", err)
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		p := &api.PushPayload{
+			Ref:        git.RefsHeads + pr.BaseBranch,
+			Before:     pr.MergeBase,
+			After:      mergeCommit.ID.String(),
+			CompareURL: conf.Server.ExternalURL + pr.BaseRepo.ComposeCompareURL(pr.MergeBase, pr.MergedCommitID),
+			Commits:    pcs,
+			Repo:       pr.BaseRepo.APIFormatLegacy(nil),
+			Pusher:     pr.HeadRepo.MustOwner().APIFormat(),
+			Sender:     doer.APIFormat(),
+		}
+		if err = PrepareWebhooks(pr.BaseRepo, HookEventTypePush, p); err != nil {
+			log.Error("Failed to prepare webhooks: %v", err)
+			return nil
+		}
 		return nil
-	}
-	if err = PrepareWebhooks(pr.Issue.Repo, HookEventTypePullRequest, &api.PullRequestPayload{
-		Action:      api.HOOK_ISSUE_CLOSED,
-		Index:       pr.Index,
-		PullRequest: pr.APIFormat(),
-		Repository:  pr.Issue.Repo.APIFormatLegacy(nil),
-		Sender:      doer.APIFormat(),
-	}); err != nil {
-		log.Error("PrepareWebhooks: %v", err)
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	commits, err := headGitRepo.RevList([]string{pr.MergeBase + "..." + pr.MergedCommitID})
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Error("Failed to list commits [merge_base: %s, merged_commit_id: %s]: %v", pr.MergeBase, pr.MergedCommitID, err)
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	// NOTE: It is possible that head branch is not fully sync with base branch
-	// for merge commits, so we need to get latest head commit and append merge
-	// commit manually to avoid strange diff commits produced.
-	mergeCommit, err := baseGitRepo.BranchCommit(pr.BaseBranch)
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Error("Failed to get base branch %q commit: %v", pr.BaseBranch, err)
-		return nil
-	}
-	if mergeStyle == MergeStyleRegular {
-		commits = append([]*git.Commit{mergeCommit}, commits...)
-	}
-
-	pcs, err := CommitsToPushCommits(commits).APIFormat(ctx, Handle.Users(), pr.BaseRepo.RepoPath(), pr.BaseRepo.HTMLURL())
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Error("Failed to convert to API payload commits: %v", err)
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	p := &api.PushPayload{
-		Ref:        git.RefsHeads + pr.BaseBranch,
-		Before:     pr.MergeBase,
-		After:      mergeCommit.ID.String(),
-		CompareURL: conf.Server.ExternalURL + pr.BaseRepo.ComposeCompareURL(pr.MergeBase, pr.MergedCommitID),
-		Commits:    pcs,
-		Repo:       pr.BaseRepo.APIFormatLegacy(nil),
-		Pusher:     pr.HeadRepo.MustOwner().APIFormat(),
-		Sender:     doer.APIFormat(),
-	}
-	if err = PrepareWebhooks(pr.BaseRepo, HookEventTypePush, p); err != nil {
-		log.Error("Failed to prepare webhooks: %v", err)
-		return nil
-	}
-	return nil
+	})
 }

 // testPatch checks if patch can be merged to base repository without conflict.
@@ -443,45 +431,42 @@ func (pr *PullRequest) testPatch() (err error) {

 // NewPullRequest creates new pull request with labels for repository.
 func NewPullRequest(repo *Repository, pull *Issue, labelIDs []int64, uuids []string, pr *PullRequest, patch []byte) (err error) {
-	sess := x.NewSession()
-	defer sess.Close()
-	if err = sess.Begin(); err != nil {
+	err = db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		if err := newIssue(tx, NewIssueOptions{
+			Repo:        repo,
+			Issue:       pull,
+			LableIDs:    labelIDs,
+			Attachments: uuids,
+			IsPull:      true,
+		}); err != nil {
+			return errors.Newf("newIssue: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		pr.Index = pull.Index
+		if err := repo.SavePatch(pr.Index, patch); err != nil {
+			return errors.Newf("SavePatch: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		pr.BaseRepo = repo
+		if err := pr.testPatch(); err != nil {
+			return errors.Newf("testPatch: %v", err)
+		}
+		// No conflict appears after test means mergeable.
+		if pr.Status == PullRequestStatusChecking {
+			pr.Status = PullRequestStatusMergeable
+		}
+
+		pr.IssueID = pull.ID
+		if err := tx.Create(pr).Error; err != nil {
+			return errors.Newf("insert pull repo: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	})
+	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

-	if err = newIssue(sess, NewIssueOptions{
-		Repo:        repo,
-		Issue:       pull,
-		LableIDs:    labelIDs,
-		Attachments: uuids,
-		IsPull:      true,
-	}); err != nil {
-		return errors.Newf("newIssue: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	pr.Index = pull.Index
-	if err = repo.SavePatch(pr.Index, patch); err != nil {
-		return errors.Newf("SavePatch: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	pr.BaseRepo = repo
-	if err = pr.testPatch(); err != nil {
-		return errors.Newf("testPatch: %v", err)
-	}
-	// No conflict appears after test means mergeable.
-	if pr.Status == PullRequestStatusChecking {
-		pr.Status = PullRequestStatusMergeable
-	}
-
-	pr.IssueID = pull.ID
-	if _, err = sess.Insert(pr); err != nil {
-		return errors.Newf("insert pull repo: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	if err = sess.Commit(); err != nil {
-		return errors.Newf("commit: %v", err)
-	}
-
 	if err = NotifyWatchers(&Action{
 		ActUserID:    pull.Poster.ID,
 		ActUserName:  pull.Poster.Name,
@@ -517,18 +502,20 @@ func NewPullRequest(repo *Repository, pull *Issue, labelIDs []int64, uuids []str
 // by given head/base and repo/branch.
 func GetUnmergedPullRequest(headRepoID, baseRepoID int64, headBranch, baseBranch string) (*PullRequest, error) {
 	pr := new(PullRequest)
-	has, err := x.Where("head_repo_id=? AND head_branch=? AND base_repo_id=? AND base_branch=? AND has_merged=? AND issue.is_closed=?",
-		headRepoID, headBranch, baseRepoID, baseBranch, false, false).
-		Join("INNER", "issue", "issue.id=pull_request.issue_id").Get(pr)
+	err := db.Joins("INNER JOIN issue ON issue.id = pull_request.issue_id").
+		Where("pull_request.head_repo_id = ? AND pull_request.head_branch = ? AND pull_request.base_repo_id = ? AND pull_request.base_branch = ? AND pull_request.has_merged = ? AND issue.is_closed = ?",
+			headRepoID, headBranch, baseRepoID, baseBranch, false, false).
+		First(pr).Error
 	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
+			return nil, ErrPullRequestNotExist{args: map[string]any{
+				"headRepoID": headRepoID,
+				"baseRepoID": baseRepoID,
+				"headBranch": headBranch,
+				"baseBranch": baseBranch,
+			}}
+		}
 		return nil, err
-	} else if !has {
-		return nil, ErrPullRequestNotExist{args: map[string]any{
-			"headRepoID": headRepoID,
-			"baseRepoID": baseRepoID,
-			"headBranch": headBranch,
-			"baseBranch": baseBranch,
-		}}
 	}

 	return pr, nil
@@ -538,18 +525,22 @@ func GetUnmergedPullRequest(headRepoID, baseRepoID int64, headBranch, baseBranch
 // by given head information (repo and branch).
 func GetUnmergedPullRequestsByHeadInfo(repoID int64, branch string) ([]*PullRequest, error) {
 	prs := make([]*PullRequest, 0, 2)
-	return prs, x.Where("head_repo_id = ? AND head_branch = ? AND has_merged = ? AND issue.is_closed = ?",
-		repoID, branch, false, false).
-		Join("INNER", "issue", "issue.id = pull_request.issue_id").Find(&prs)
+	err := db.Joins("INNER JOIN issue ON issue.id = pull_request.issue_id").
+		Where("pull_request.head_repo_id = ? AND pull_request.head_branch = ? AND pull_request.has_merged = ? AND issue.is_closed = ?",
+			repoID, branch, false, false).
+		Find(&prs).Error
+	return prs, err
 }

 // GetUnmergedPullRequestsByBaseInfo returns all pull requests that are open and has not been merged
 // by given base information (repo and branch).
 func GetUnmergedPullRequestsByBaseInfo(repoID int64, branch string) ([]*PullRequest, error) {
 	prs := make([]*PullRequest, 0, 2)
-	return prs, x.Where("base_repo_id=? AND base_branch=? AND has_merged=? AND issue.is_closed=?",
-		repoID, branch, false, false).
-		Join("INNER", "issue", "issue.id=pull_request.issue_id").Find(&prs)
+	err := db.Joins("INNER JOIN issue ON issue.id = pull_request.issue_id").
+		Where("pull_request.base_repo_id = ? AND pull_request.base_branch = ? AND pull_request.has_merged = ? AND issue.is_closed = ?",
+			repoID, branch, false, false).
+		Find(&prs).Error
+	return prs, err
 }

 var _ errutil.NotFound = (*ErrPullRequestNotExist)(nil)
@@ -571,50 +562,65 @@ func (ErrPullRequestNotExist) NotFound() bool {
 	return true
 }

-func getPullRequestByID(e Engine, id int64) (*PullRequest, error) {
+func getPullRequestByID(db *gorm.DB, id int64) (*PullRequest, error) {
 	pr := new(PullRequest)
-	has, err := e.ID(id).Get(pr)
+	err := db.First(pr, id).Error
 	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
+			return nil, ErrPullRequestNotExist{args: map[string]any{"pullRequestID": id}}
+		}
 		return nil, err
-	} else if !has {
-		return nil, ErrPullRequestNotExist{args: map[string]any{"pullRequestID": id}}
 	}
-	return pr, pr.loadAttributes(e)
+	return pr, pr.loadAttributes(db)
 }

 // GetPullRequestByID returns a pull request by given ID.
 func GetPullRequestByID(id int64) (*PullRequest, error) {
-	return getPullRequestByID(x, id)
+	return getPullRequestByID(db, id)
 }

-func getPullRequestByIssueID(e Engine, issueID int64) (*PullRequest, error) {
-	pr := &PullRequest{
-		IssueID: issueID,
-	}
-	has, err := e.Get(pr)
+func getPullRequestByIssueID(db *gorm.DB, issueID int64) (*PullRequest, error) {
+	pr := &PullRequest{}
+	err := db.Where("issue_id = ?", issueID).First(pr).Error
 	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
+			return nil, ErrPullRequestNotExist{args: map[string]any{"issueID": issueID}}
+		}
 		return nil, err
-	} else if !has {
-		return nil, ErrPullRequestNotExist{args: map[string]any{"issueID": issueID}}
 	}
-	return pr, pr.loadAttributes(e)
+	return pr, pr.loadAttributes(db)
 }

 // GetPullRequestByIssueID returns pull request by given issue ID.
 func GetPullRequestByIssueID(issueID int64) (*PullRequest, error) {
-	return getPullRequestByIssueID(x, issueID)
+	return getPullRequestByIssueID(db, issueID)
 }

 // Update updates all fields of pull request.
 func (pr *PullRequest) Update() error {
-	_, err := x.Id(pr.ID).AllCols().Update(pr)
-	return err
+	return db.Model(&PullRequest{}).Where("id = ?", pr.ID).Updates(pr).Error
 }

 // Update updates specific fields of pull request.
 func (pr *PullRequest) UpdateCols(cols ...string) error {
-	_, err := x.Id(pr.ID).Cols(cols...).Update(pr)
-	return err
+	updates := make(map[string]any)
+	for _, col := range cols {
+		switch col {
+		case "status":
+			updates["status"] = pr.Status
+		case "merge_base":
+			updates["merge_base"] = pr.MergeBase
+		case "has_merged":
+			updates["has_merged"] = pr.HasMerged
+		case "merged_commit_id":
+			updates["merged_commit_id"] = pr.MergedCommitID
+		case "merger_id":
+			updates["merger_id"] = pr.MergerID
+		case "merged_unix":
+			updates["merged_unix"] = pr.MergedUnix
+		}
+	}
+	return db.Model(&PullRequest{}).Where("id = ?", pr.ID).Updates(updates).Error
 }

 // UpdatePatch generates and saves a new patch.
@@ -711,7 +717,7 @@ func (pr *PullRequest) AddToTaskQueue() {

 type PullRequestList []*PullRequest

-func (prs PullRequestList) loadAttributes(e Engine) (err error) {
+func (prs PullRequestList) loadAttributes(db *gorm.DB) (err error) {
 	if len(prs) == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -726,7 +732,7 @@ func (prs PullRequestList) loadAttributes(e Engine) (err error) {
 		issueIDs = append(issueIDs, issueID)
 	}
 	issues := make([]*Issue, 0, len(issueIDs))
-	if err = e.Where("id > 0").In("id", issueIDs).Find(&issues); err != nil {
+	if err = db.Where("id IN ?", issueIDs).Find(&issues).Error; err != nil {
 		return errors.Newf("find issues: %v", err)
 	}
 	for i := range issues {
@@ -738,7 +744,7 @@ func (prs PullRequestList) loadAttributes(e Engine) (err error) {

 	// Load attributes
 	for i := range prs {
-		if err = prs[i].loadAttributes(e); err != nil {
+		if err = prs[i].loadAttributes(db); err != nil {
 			return errors.Newf("loadAttributes [%d]: %v", prs[i].ID, err)
 		}
 	}
@@ -747,7 +753,7 @@ func (prs PullRequestList) loadAttributes(e Engine) (err error) {
 }

 func (prs PullRequestList) LoadAttributes() error {
-	return prs.loadAttributes(x)
+	return prs.loadAttributes(db)
 }

 func addHeadRepoTasks(prs []*PullRequest) {
@@ -838,25 +844,23 @@ func (pr *PullRequest) checkAndUpdateStatus() {
 // TestPullRequests checks and tests untested patches of pull requests.
 // TODO: test more pull requests at same time.
 func TestPullRequests() {
-	prs := make([]*PullRequest, 0, 10)
-	_ = x.Iterate(PullRequest{
-		Status: PullRequestStatusChecking,
-	},
-		func(idx int, bean any) error {
-			pr := bean.(*PullRequest)
+	var prs []*PullRequest
+	_ = db.Where("status = ?", PullRequestStatusChecking).FindInBatches(&prs, 100, func(tx *gorm.DB, batch int) error {
+		for i := range prs {
+			pr := prs[i]

 			if err := pr.LoadAttributes(); err != nil {
 				log.Error("LoadAttributes: %v", err)
-				return nil
+				continue
 			}

 			if err := pr.testPatch(); err != nil {
 				log.Error("testPatch: %v", err)
-				return nil
+				continue
 			}
-			prs = append(prs, pr)
-			return nil
-		})
+		}
+		return nil
+	})

 	// Update pull request status.
 	for _, pr := range prs {
--- a/internal/database/release.go
+++ b/internal/database/release.go
@@ -6,12 +6,11 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"time"

-	log "unknwon.dev/clog/v2"
-	"xorm.io/xorm"
-
 	"github.com/cockroachdb/errors"
 	"github.com/gogs/git-module"
 	api "github.com/gogs/go-gogs-client"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+	log "unknwon.dev/clog/v2"

 	"gogs.io/gogs/internal/errutil"
 	"gogs.io/gogs/internal/process"
@@ -21,40 +20,39 @@ import (
 type Release struct {
 	ID               int64
 	RepoID           int64
-	Repo             *Repository `xorm:"-" json:"-" gorm:"-"`
+	Repo             *Repository `gorm:"-" json:"-"`
 	PublisherID      int64
-	Publisher        *User `xorm:"-" json:"-" gorm:"-"`
+	Publisher        *User `gorm:"-" json:"-"`
 	TagName          string
 	LowerTagName     string
 	Target           string
 	Title            string
-	Sha1             string `xorm:"VARCHAR(40)"`
+	Sha1             string `gorm:"type:varchar(40)"`
 	NumCommits       int64
-	NumCommitsBehind int64  `xorm:"-" json:"-" gorm:"-"`
-	Note             string `xorm:"TEXT"`
-	IsDraft          bool   `xorm:"NOT NULL DEFAULT false"`
+	NumCommitsBehind int64  `gorm:"-" json:"-"`
+	Note             string `gorm:"type:text"`
+	IsDraft          bool   `gorm:"not null;default:false"`
 	IsPrerelease     bool

-	Created     time.Time `xorm:"-" json:"-" gorm:"-"`
+	Created     time.Time `gorm:"-" json:"-"`
 	CreatedUnix int64

-	Attachments []*Attachment `xorm:"-" json:"-" gorm:"-"`
+	Attachments []*Attachment `gorm:"-" json:"-"`
 }

-func (r *Release) BeforeInsert() {
+func (r *Release) BeforeCreate(tx *gorm.DB) error {
 	if r.CreatedUnix == 0 {
-		r.CreatedUnix = time.Now().Unix()
+		r.CreatedUnix = tx.NowFunc().Unix()
 	}
+	return nil
 }

-func (r *Release) AfterSet(colName string, _ xorm.Cell) {
-	switch colName {
-	case "created_unix":
-		r.Created = time.Unix(r.CreatedUnix, 0).Local()
-	}
+func (r *Release) AfterFind(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+	r.Created = time.Unix(r.CreatedUnix, 0).Local()
+	return nil
 }

-func (r *Release) loadAttributes(e Engine) (err error) {
+func (r *Release) loadAttributes(e *gorm.DB) (err error) {
 	if r.Repo == nil {
 		r.Repo, err = getRepositoryByID(e, r.RepoID)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -85,7 +83,7 @@ func (r *Release) loadAttributes(e Engine) (err error) {
 }

 func (r *Release) LoadAttributes() error {
-	return r.loadAttributes(x)
+	return r.loadAttributes(db)
 }

 // This method assumes some fields assigned with values:
@@ -110,7 +108,9 @@ func IsReleaseExist(repoID int64, tagName string) (bool, error) {
 		return false, nil
 	}

-	return x.Get(&Release{RepoID: repoID, LowerTagName: strings.ToLower(tagName)})
+	var count int64
+	err := db.Model(&Release{}).Where("repo_id = ? AND lower_tag_name = ?", repoID, strings.ToLower(tagName)).Count(&count).Error
+	return count > 0, err
 }

 func createTag(gitRepo *git.Repository, r *Release) error {
@@ -171,24 +171,21 @@ func NewRelease(gitRepo *git.Repository, r *Release, uuids []string) error {
 	}
 	r.LowerTagName = strings.ToLower(r.TagName)

-	sess := x.NewSession()
-	defer sess.Close()
-	if err = sess.Begin(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if _, err = sess.Insert(r); err != nil {
-		return errors.Newf("insert: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	if len(uuids) > 0 {
-		if _, err = sess.In("uuid", uuids).Cols("release_id").Update(&Attachment{ReleaseID: r.ID}); err != nil {
-			return errors.Newf("link attachments: %v", err)
+	err = db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		if err := tx.Create(r).Error; err != nil {
+			return errors.Newf("insert: %v", err)
 		}
-	}

-	if err = sess.Commit(); err != nil {
-		return errors.Newf("commit: %v", err)
+		if len(uuids) > 0 {
+			if err := tx.Model(&Attachment{}).Where("uuid IN ?", uuids).Update("release_id", r.ID).Error; err != nil {
+				return errors.Newf("link attachments: %v", err)
+			}
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
 	}

 	// Only send webhook when actually published, skip drafts
@@ -231,8 +228,8 @@ func GetRelease(repoID int64, tagName string) (*Release, error) {
 		return nil, ErrReleaseNotExist{args: map[string]any{"tag": tagName}}
 	}

-	r := &Release{RepoID: repoID, LowerTagName: strings.ToLower(tagName)}
-	if _, err = x.Get(r); err != nil {
+	r := &Release{}
+	if err = db.Where("repo_id = ? AND lower_tag_name = ?", repoID, strings.ToLower(tagName)).First(r).Error; err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Newf("get: %v", err)
 	}

@@ -242,11 +239,12 @@ func GetRelease(repoID int64, tagName string) (*Release, error) {
 // GetReleaseByID returns release with given ID.
 func GetReleaseByID(id int64) (*Release, error) {
 	r := new(Release)
-	has, err := x.Id(id).Get(r)
+	err := db.Where("id = ?", id).First(r).Error
 	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
+			return nil, ErrReleaseNotExist{args: map[string]any{"releaseID": id}}
+		}
 		return nil, err
-	} else if !has {
-		return nil, ErrReleaseNotExist{args: map[string]any{"releaseID": id}}
 	}

 	return r, r.LoadAttributes()
@@ -256,24 +254,24 @@ func GetReleaseByID(id int64) (*Release, error) {
 // If matches is not empty, only published releases in matches will be returned.
 // In any case, drafts won't be returned by this function.
 func GetPublishedReleasesByRepoID(repoID int64, matches ...string) ([]*Release, error) {
-	sess := x.Where("repo_id = ?", repoID).And("is_draft = ?", false).Desc("created_unix")
+	query := db.Where("repo_id = ? AND is_draft = ?", repoID, false).Order("created_unix DESC")
 	if len(matches) > 0 {
-		sess.In("tag_name", matches)
+		query = query.Where("tag_name IN ?", matches)
 	}
 	releases := make([]*Release, 0, 5)
-	return releases, sess.Find(&releases, new(Release))
+	return releases, query.Find(&releases).Error
 }

 // GetReleasesByRepoID returns a list of all releases (including drafts) of given repository.
 func GetReleasesByRepoID(repoID int64) ([]*Release, error) {
 	releases := make([]*Release, 0)
-	return releases, x.Where("repo_id = ?", repoID).Find(&releases)
+	return releases, db.Where("repo_id = ?", repoID).Find(&releases).Error
 }

 // GetDraftReleasesByRepoID returns all draft releases of repository.
 func GetDraftReleasesByRepoID(repoID int64) ([]*Release, error) {
 	releases := make([]*Release, 0)
-	return releases, x.Where("repo_id = ?", repoID).And("is_draft = ?", true).Find(&releases)
+	return releases, db.Where("repo_id = ? AND is_draft = ?", repoID, true).Find(&releases).Error
 }

 type ReleaseSorter struct {
@@ -310,28 +308,26 @@ func UpdateRelease(doer *User, gitRepo *git.Repository, r *Release, isPublish bo

 	r.PublisherID = doer.ID

-	sess := x.NewSession()
-	defer sess.Close()
-	if err = sess.Begin(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	if _, err = sess.ID(r.ID).AllCols().Update(r); err != nil {
-		return errors.Newf("Update: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	// Unlink all current attachments and link back later if still valid
-	if _, err = sess.Exec("UPDATE attachment SET release_id = 0 WHERE release_id = ?", r.ID); err != nil {
-		return errors.Newf("unlink current attachments: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	if len(uuids) > 0 {
-		if _, err = sess.In("uuid", uuids).Cols("release_id").Update(&Attachment{ReleaseID: r.ID}); err != nil {
-			return errors.Newf("link attachments: %v", err)
+	err = db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		if err := tx.Model(r).Where("id = ?", r.ID).Updates(r).Error; err != nil {
+			return errors.Newf("Update: %v", err)
 		}
-	}

-	if err = sess.Commit(); err != nil {
-		return errors.Newf("commit: %v", err)
+		// Unlink all current attachments and link back later if still valid
+		if err := tx.Exec("UPDATE attachment SET release_id = 0 WHERE release_id = ?", r.ID).Error; err != nil {
+			return errors.Newf("unlink current attachments: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		if len(uuids) > 0 {
+			if err := tx.Model(&Attachment{}).Where("uuid IN ?", uuids).Update("release_id", r.ID).Error; err != nil {
+				return errors.Newf("link attachments: %v", err)
+			}
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
 	}

 	if !isPublish {
@@ -366,7 +362,7 @@ func DeleteReleaseOfRepoByID(repoID, id int64) error {
 		return errors.Newf("git tag -d: %v - %s", err, stderr)
 	}

-	if _, err = x.Id(rel.ID).Delete(new(Release)); err != nil {
+	if err = db.Where("id = ?", rel.ID).Delete(new(Release)).Error; err != nil {
 		return errors.Newf("delete: %v", err)
 	}

--- a/internal/database/repo.go
+++ b/internal/database/repo.go
--- a/internal/database/repo_branch.go
+++ b/internal/database/repo_branch.go
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/cockroachdb/errors"
 	"github.com/gogs/git-module"
 	"github.com/unknwon/com"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"

 	"gogs.io/gogs/internal/errutil"
 	"gogs.io/gogs/internal/tool"
@@ -93,8 +94,9 @@ type ProtectBranchWhitelist struct {

 // IsUserInProtectBranchWhitelist returns true if given user is in the whitelist of a branch in a repository.
 func IsUserInProtectBranchWhitelist(repoID, userID int64, branch string) bool {
-	has, err := x.Where("repo_id = ?", repoID).And("user_id = ?", userID).And("name = ?", branch).Get(new(ProtectBranchWhitelist))
-	return has && err == nil
+	var whitelist ProtectBranchWhitelist
+	err := db.Where("repo_id = ?", repoID).Where("user_id = ?", userID).Where("name = ?", branch).First(&whitelist).Error
+	return err == nil
 }

 // ProtectBranch contains options of a protected branch.
@@ -115,11 +117,11 @@ func GetProtectBranchOfRepoByName(repoID int64, name string) (*ProtectBranch, er
 		RepoID: repoID,
 		Name:   name,
 	}
-	has, err := x.Get(protectBranch)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	} else if !has {
+	err := db.Where("repo_id = ? AND name = ?", repoID, name).First(protectBranch).Error
+	if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
 		return nil, ErrBranchNotExist{args: map[string]any{"name": name}}
+	} else if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
 	}
 	return protectBranch, nil
 }
@@ -136,23 +138,19 @@ func IsBranchOfRepoRequirePullRequest(repoID int64, name string) bool {
 // UpdateProtectBranch saves branch protection options.
 // If ID is 0, it creates a new record. Otherwise, updates existing record.
 func UpdateProtectBranch(protectBranch *ProtectBranch) (err error) {
-	sess := x.NewSession()
-	defer sess.Close()
-	if err = sess.Begin(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if protectBranch.ID == 0 {
-		if _, err = sess.Insert(protectBranch); err != nil {
-			return errors.Newf("insert: %v", err)
+	return db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		if protectBranch.ID == 0 {
+			if err := tx.Create(protectBranch).Error; err != nil {
+				return errors.Newf("insert: %v", err)
+			}
 		}
-	}

-	if _, err = sess.ID(protectBranch.ID).AllCols().Update(protectBranch); err != nil {
-		return errors.Newf("update: %v", err)
-	}
+		if err := tx.Model(&ProtectBranch{}).Where("id = ?", protectBranch.ID).Updates(protectBranch).Error; err != nil {
+			return errors.Newf("update: %v", err)
+		}

-	return sess.Commit()
+		return nil
+	})
 }

 // UpdateOrgProtectBranch saves branch protection options of organizational repository.
@@ -209,7 +207,7 @@ func UpdateOrgProtectBranch(repo *Repository, protectBranch *ProtectBranch, whit

 	// Make sure protectBranch.ID is not 0 for whitelists
 	if protectBranch.ID == 0 {
-		if _, err = x.Insert(protectBranch); err != nil {
+		if err = db.Create(protectBranch).Error; err != nil {
 			return errors.Newf("insert: %v", err)
 		}
 	}
@@ -247,30 +245,29 @@ func UpdateOrgProtectBranch(repo *Repository, protectBranch *ProtectBranch, whit
 		}
 	}

-	sess := x.NewSession()
-	defer sess.Close()
-	if err = sess.Begin(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if _, err = sess.ID(protectBranch.ID).AllCols().Update(protectBranch); err != nil {
-		return errors.Newf("Update: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	// Refresh whitelists
-	if hasUsersChanged || hasTeamsChanged {
-		if _, err = sess.Delete(&ProtectBranchWhitelist{ProtectBranchID: protectBranch.ID}); err != nil {
-			return errors.Newf("delete old protect branch whitelists: %v", err)
-		} else if _, err = sess.Insert(whitelists); err != nil {
-			return errors.Newf("insert new protect branch whitelists: %v", err)
+	return db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		if err := tx.Model(&ProtectBranch{}).Where("id = ?", protectBranch.ID).Updates(protectBranch).Error; err != nil {
+			return errors.Newf("Update: %v", err)
 		}
-	}

-	return sess.Commit()
+		// Refresh whitelists
+		if hasUsersChanged || hasTeamsChanged {
+			if err := tx.Delete(&ProtectBranchWhitelist{}, "protect_branch_id = ?", protectBranch.ID).Error; err != nil {
+				return errors.Newf("delete old protect branch whitelists: %v", err)
+			}
+			if len(whitelists) > 0 {
+				if err := tx.Create(&whitelists).Error; err != nil {
+					return errors.Newf("insert new protect branch whitelists: %v", err)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	})
 }

 // GetProtectBranchesByRepoID returns a list of *ProtectBranch in given repository.
 func GetProtectBranchesByRepoID(repoID int64) ([]*ProtectBranch, error) {
 	protectBranches := make([]*ProtectBranch, 0, 2)
-	return protectBranches, x.Where("repo_id = ? and protected = ?", repoID, true).Asc("name").Find(&protectBranches)
+	return protectBranches, db.Where("repo_id = ? AND protected = ?", repoID, true).Order("name ASC").Find(&protectBranches).Error
 }
--- a/internal/database/repo_collaboration.go
+++ b/internal/database/repo_collaboration.go
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (

 	"github.com/cockroachdb/errors"
 	api "github.com/gogs/go-gogs-client"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
 )

 // Collaboration represent the relation between an individual and a repository.
@@ -34,12 +35,12 @@ func IsCollaborator(repoID, userID int64) bool {
 		RepoID: repoID,
 		UserID: userID,
 	}
-	has, err := x.Get(collaboration)
+	err := db.Where("repo_id = ? AND user_id = ?", repoID, userID).First(collaboration).Error
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Error("get collaboration [repo_id: %d, user_id: %d]: %v", repoID, userID, err)
 		return false
 	}
-	return has
+	return true
 }

 func (r *Repository) IsCollaborator(userID int64) bool {
@@ -53,32 +54,29 @@ func (r *Repository) AddCollaborator(u *User) error {
 		UserID: u.ID,
 	}

-	has, err := x.Get(collaboration)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	} else if has {
+	var existing Collaboration
+	err := db.Where("repo_id = ? AND user_id = ?", r.ID, u.ID).First(&existing).Error
+	if err == nil {
 		return nil
+	} else if !errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
+		return err
 	}
 	collaboration.Mode = AccessModeWrite

-	sess := x.NewSession()
-	defer sess.Close()
-	if err = sess.Begin(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if _, err = sess.Insert(collaboration); err != nil {
-		return err
-	} else if err = r.recalculateAccesses(sess); err != nil {
-		return errors.Newf("recalculateAccesses [repo_id: %v]: %v", r.ID, err)
-	}
-
-	return sess.Commit()
+	return db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		if err := tx.Create(collaboration).Error; err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if err := r.recalculateAccesses(tx); err != nil {
+			return errors.Newf("recalculateAccesses [repo_id: %v]: %v", r.ID, err)
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
 }

-func (r *Repository) getCollaborations(e Engine) ([]*Collaboration, error) {
+func (r *Repository) getCollaborations(e *gorm.DB) ([]*Collaboration, error) {
 	collaborations := make([]*Collaboration, 0)
-	return collaborations, e.Find(&collaborations, &Collaboration{RepoID: r.ID})
+	return collaborations, e.Where("repo_id = ?", r.ID).Find(&collaborations).Error
 }

 // Collaborator represents a user with collaboration details.
@@ -98,7 +96,7 @@ func (c *Collaborator) APIFormat() *api.Collaborator {
 	}
 }

-func (r *Repository) getCollaborators(e Engine) ([]*Collaborator, error) {
+func (r *Repository) getCollaborators(e *gorm.DB) ([]*Collaborator, error) {
 	collaborations, err := r.getCollaborations(e)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Newf("getCollaborations: %v", err)
@@ -120,7 +118,7 @@ func (r *Repository) getCollaborators(e Engine) ([]*Collaborator, error) {

 // GetCollaborators returns the collaborators for a repository
 func (r *Repository) GetCollaborators() ([]*Collaborator, error) {
-	return r.getCollaborators(x)
+	return r.getCollaborators(db)
 }

 // ChangeCollaborationAccessMode sets new access mode for the collaboration.
@@ -134,11 +132,11 @@ func (r *Repository) ChangeCollaborationAccessMode(userID int64, mode AccessMode
 		RepoID: r.ID,
 		UserID: userID,
 	}
-	has, err := x.Get(collaboration)
-	if err != nil {
-		return errors.Newf("get collaboration: %v", err)
-	} else if !has {
+	err := db.Where("repo_id = ? AND user_id = ?", r.ID, userID).First(collaboration).Error
+	if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
 		return nil
+	} else if err != nil {
+		return errors.Newf("get collaboration: %v", err)
 	}

 	if collaboration.Mode == mode {
@@ -159,35 +157,31 @@ func (r *Repository) ChangeCollaborationAccessMode(userID int64, mode AccessMode
 		}
 	}

-	sess := x.NewSession()
-	defer sess.Close()
-	if err = sess.Begin(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
+	return db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		if err := tx.Model(&Collaboration{}).Where("id = ?", collaboration.ID).Updates(collaboration).Error; err != nil {
+			return errors.Newf("update collaboration: %v", err)
+		}

-	if _, err = sess.ID(collaboration.ID).AllCols().Update(collaboration); err != nil {
-		return errors.Newf("update collaboration: %v", err)
-	}
+		access := &Access{
+			UserID: userID,
+			RepoID: r.ID,
+		}
+		err := tx.Where("user_id = ? AND repo_id = ?", userID, r.ID).First(access).Error
+		if err == nil {
+			if err := tx.Exec("UPDATE access SET mode = ? WHERE user_id = ? AND repo_id = ?", mode, userID, r.ID).Error; err != nil {
+				return errors.Newf("update access table: %v", err)
+			}
+		} else if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
+			access.Mode = mode
+			if err := tx.Create(access).Error; err != nil {
+				return errors.Newf("insert access table: %v", err)
+			}
+		} else {
+			return errors.Newf("get access record: %v", err)
+		}

-	access := &Access{
-		UserID: userID,
-		RepoID: r.ID,
-	}
-	has, err = sess.Get(access)
-	if err != nil {
-		return errors.Newf("get access record: %v", err)
-	}
-	if has {
-		_, err = sess.Exec("UPDATE access SET mode = ? WHERE user_id = ? AND repo_id = ?", mode, userID, r.ID)
-	} else {
-		access.Mode = mode
-		_, err = sess.Insert(access)
-	}
-	if err != nil {
-		return errors.Newf("update/insert access table: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	return sess.Commit()
+		return nil
+	})
 }

 // DeleteCollaboration removes collaboration relation between the user and repository.
@@ -201,19 +195,20 @@ func DeleteCollaboration(repo *Repository, userID int64) (err error) {
 		UserID: userID,
 	}

-	sess := x.NewSession()
-	defer sess.Close()
-	if err = sess.Begin(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
+	return db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		result := tx.Delete(collaboration, "repo_id = ? AND user_id = ?", repo.ID, userID)
+		if result.Error != nil {
+			return result.Error
+		} else if result.RowsAffected == 0 {
+			return nil
+		}

-	if has, err := sess.Delete(collaboration); err != nil || has == 0 {
-		return err
-	} else if err = repo.recalculateAccesses(sess); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
+		if err := repo.recalculateAccesses(tx); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}

-	return sess.Commit()
+		return nil
+	})
 }

 func (r *Repository) DeleteCollaboration(userID int64) error {
--- a/internal/database/repo_editor.go
+++ b/internal/database/repo_editor.go
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/cockroachdb/errors"
 	gouuid "github.com/satori/go.uuid"
 	"github.com/unknwon/com"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"

 	"github.com/gogs/git-module"

@@ -441,7 +442,7 @@ func NewUpload(name string, buf []byte, file multipart.File) (_ *Upload, err err
 		return nil, errors.Newf("copy: %v", err)
 	}

-	if _, err := x.Insert(upload); err != nil {
+	if err := db.Create(upload).Error; err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

@@ -450,11 +451,12 @@ func NewUpload(name string, buf []byte, file multipart.File) (_ *Upload, err err

 func GetUploadByUUID(uuid string) (*Upload, error) {
 	upload := &Upload{UUID: uuid}
-	has, err := x.Get(upload)
+	err := db.Where("uuid = ?", uuid).First(upload).Error
 	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
+			return nil, ErrUploadNotExist{0, uuid}
+		}
 		return nil, err
-	} else if !has {
-		return nil, ErrUploadNotExist{0, uuid}
 	}
 	return upload, nil
 }
@@ -466,7 +468,7 @@ func GetUploadsByUUIDs(uuids []string) ([]*Upload, error) {

 	// Silently drop invalid uuids.
 	uploads := make([]*Upload, 0, len(uuids))
-	return uploads, x.In("uuid", uuids).Find(&uploads)
+	return uploads, db.Where("uuid IN ?", uuids).Find(&uploads).Error
 }

 func DeleteUploads(uploads ...*Upload) (err error) {
@@ -474,32 +476,28 @@ func DeleteUploads(uploads ...*Upload) (err error) {
 		return nil
 	}

-	sess := x.NewSession()
-	defer sess.Close()
-	if err = sess.Begin(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	ids := make([]int64, len(uploads))
-	for i := 0; i < len(uploads); i++ {
-		ids[i] = uploads[i].ID
-	}
-	if _, err = sess.In("id", ids).Delete(new(Upload)); err != nil {
-		return errors.Newf("delete uploads: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	for _, upload := range uploads {
-		localPath := upload.LocalPath()
-		if !osutil.IsFile(localPath) {
-			continue
+	return db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		ids := make([]int64, len(uploads))
+		for i := 0; i < len(uploads); i++ {
+			ids[i] = uploads[i].ID
+		}
+		if err := tx.Where("id IN ?", ids).Delete(new(Upload)).Error; err != nil {
+			return errors.Newf("delete uploads: %v", err)
 		}

-		if err := os.Remove(localPath); err != nil {
-			return errors.Newf("remove upload: %v", err)
-		}
-	}
+		for _, upload := range uploads {
+			localPath := upload.LocalPath()
+			if !osutil.IsFile(localPath) {
+				continue
+			}

-	return sess.Commit()
+			if err := os.Remove(localPath); err != nil {
+				return errors.Newf("remove upload: %v", err)
+			}
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	})
 }

 func DeleteUpload(u *Upload) error {
--- a/internal/database/repositories.go
+++ b/internal/database/repositories.go
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"strings"
-	"time"

 	"github.com/cockroachdb/errors"
 	api "github.com/gogs/go-gogs-client"
@@ -28,13 +27,6 @@ func (r *Repository) BeforeUpdate(tx *gorm.DB) error {
 	return nil
 }

-// AfterFind implements the GORM query hook.
-func (r *Repository) AfterFind(_ *gorm.DB) error {
-	r.Created = time.Unix(r.CreatedUnix, 0).Local()
-	r.Updated = time.Unix(r.UpdatedUnix, 0).Local()
-	return nil
-}
-
 type RepositoryAPIFormatOptions struct {
 	Permission *api.Permission
 	Parent     *api.Repository
--- a/internal/database/ssh_key.go
+++ b/internal/database/ssh_key.go
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/cockroachdb/errors"
 	"github.com/unknwon/com"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
 	log "unknwon.dev/clog/v2"
-	"xorm.io/xorm"

 	"gogs.io/gogs/internal/conf"
 	"gogs.io/gogs/internal/errutil"
@@ -40,38 +40,41 @@ const (
 // PublicKey represents a user or deploy SSH public key.
 type PublicKey struct {
 	ID          int64      `gorm:"primaryKey"`
-	OwnerID     int64      `xorm:"INDEX NOT NULL" gorm:"index;not null"`
-	Name        string     `xorm:"NOT NULL" gorm:"not null"`
-	Fingerprint string     `xorm:"NOT NULL" gorm:"not null"`
-	Content     string     `xorm:"TEXT NOT NULL" gorm:"type:TEXT;not null"`
-	Mode        AccessMode `xorm:"NOT NULL DEFAULT 2" gorm:"not null;default:2"`
-	Type        KeyType    `xorm:"NOT NULL DEFAULT 1" gorm:"not null;default:1"`
+	OwnerID     int64      `gorm:"index;not null"`
+	Name        string     `gorm:"not null"`
+	Fingerprint string     `gorm:"not null"`
+	Content     string     `gorm:"type:text;not null"`
+	Mode        AccessMode `gorm:"not null;default:2"`
+	Type        KeyType    `gorm:"not null;default:1"`

-	Created           time.Time `xorm:"-" json:"-" gorm:"-"`
+	Created           time.Time `gorm:"-" json:"-"`
 	CreatedUnix       int64
-	Updated           time.Time `xorm:"-" json:"-" gorm:"-"` // Note: Updated must below Created for AfterSet.
+	Updated           time.Time `gorm:"-" json:"-"` // Note: Updated must below Created for AfterFind.
 	UpdatedUnix       int64
-	HasRecentActivity bool `xorm:"-" json:"-" gorm:"-"`
-	HasUsed           bool `xorm:"-" json:"-" gorm:"-"`
+	HasRecentActivity bool `gorm:"-" json:"-"`
+	HasUsed           bool `gorm:"-" json:"-"`
 }

-func (k *PublicKey) BeforeInsert() {
-	k.CreatedUnix = time.Now().Unix()
+func (k *PublicKey) BeforeCreate(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+	if k.CreatedUnix == 0 {
+		k.CreatedUnix = tx.NowFunc().Unix()
+	}
+	return nil
 }

-func (k *PublicKey) BeforeUpdate() {
-	k.UpdatedUnix = time.Now().Unix()
+func (k *PublicKey) BeforeUpdate(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+	k.UpdatedUnix = tx.NowFunc().Unix()
+	return nil
 }

-func (k *PublicKey) AfterSet(colName string, _ xorm.Cell) {
-	switch colName {
-	case "created_unix":
-		k.Created = time.Unix(k.CreatedUnix, 0).Local()
-	case "updated_unix":
+func (k *PublicKey) AfterFind(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+	k.Created = time.Unix(k.CreatedUnix, 0).Local()
+	if k.UpdatedUnix > 0 {
 		k.Updated = time.Unix(k.UpdatedUnix, 0).Local()
 		k.HasUsed = k.Updated.After(k.Created)
-		k.HasRecentActivity = k.Updated.Add(7 * 24 * time.Hour).After(time.Now())
+		k.HasRecentActivity = k.Updated.Add(7 * 24 * time.Hour).After(tx.NowFunc())
 	}
+	return nil
 }

 // OmitEmail returns content of public key without email address.
@@ -356,19 +359,16 @@ func appendAuthorizedKeysToFile(keys ...*PublicKey) error {
 // checkKeyContent onlys checks if key content has been used as public key,
 // it is OK to use same key as deploy key for multiple repositories/users.
 func checkKeyContent(content string) error {
-	has, err := x.Get(&PublicKey{
-		Content: content,
-		Type:    KeyTypeUser,
-	})
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	} else if has {
+	err := db.Where("content = ? AND type = ?", content, KeyTypeUser).First(&PublicKey{}).Error
+	if err == nil {
 		return ErrKeyAlreadyExist{0, content}
+	} else if !errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
+		return err
 	}
 	return nil
 }

-func addKey(e Engine, key *PublicKey) (err error) {
+func addKey(tx *gorm.DB, key *PublicKey) (err error) {
 	// Calculate fingerprint.
 	tmpPath := strings.ReplaceAll(path.Join(os.TempDir(), fmt.Sprintf("%d", time.Now().Nanosecond()), "id_rsa.pub"), "\\", "/")
 	_ = os.MkdirAll(path.Dir(tmpPath), os.ModePerm)
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ func addKey(e Engine, key *PublicKey) (err error) {
 	key.Fingerprint = strings.Split(stdout, " ")[1]

 	// Save SSH key.
-	if _, err = e.Insert(key); err != nil {
+	if err = tx.Create(key).Error; err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

@@ -404,16 +404,10 @@ func AddPublicKey(ownerID int64, name, content string) (*PublicKey, error) {
 	}

 	// Key name of same user cannot be duplicated.
-	has, err := x.Where("owner_id = ? AND name = ?", ownerID, name).Get(new(PublicKey))
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	} else if has {
+	err := db.Where("owner_id = ? AND name = ?", ownerID, name).First(new(PublicKey)).Error
+	if err == nil {
 		return nil, ErrKeyNameAlreadyUsed{ownerID, name}
-	}
-
-	sess := x.NewSession()
-	defer sess.Close()
-	if err = sess.Begin(); err != nil {
+	} else if !errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
 		return nil, err
 	}

@@ -424,21 +418,25 @@ func AddPublicKey(ownerID int64, name, content string) (*PublicKey, error) {
 		Mode:    AccessModeWrite,
 		Type:    KeyTypeUser,
 	}
-	if err = addKey(sess, key); err != nil {
+	err = db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		return addKey(tx, key)
+	})
+	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Newf("addKey: %v", err)
 	}

-	return key, sess.Commit()
+	return key, nil
 }

 // GetPublicKeyByID returns public key by given ID.
 func GetPublicKeyByID(keyID int64) (*PublicKey, error) {
 	key := new(PublicKey)
-	has, err := x.Id(keyID).Get(key)
+	err := db.Where("id = ?", keyID).First(key).Error
 	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
+			return nil, ErrKeyNotExist{keyID}
+		}
 		return nil, err
-	} else if !has {
-		return nil, ErrKeyNotExist{keyID}
 	}
 	return key, nil
 }
@@ -448,11 +446,12 @@ func GetPublicKeyByID(keyID int64) (*PublicKey, error) {
 // exists.
 func SearchPublicKeyByContent(content string) (*PublicKey, error) {
 	key := new(PublicKey)
-	has, err := x.Where("content like ?", content+"%").Get(key)
+	err := db.Where("content LIKE ?", content+"%").First(key).Error
 	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
+			return nil, ErrKeyNotExist{}
+		}
 		return nil, err
-	} else if !has {
-		return nil, ErrKeyNotExist{}
 	}
 	return key, nil
 }
@@ -460,23 +459,21 @@ func SearchPublicKeyByContent(content string) (*PublicKey, error) {
 // ListPublicKeys returns a list of public keys belongs to given user.
 func ListPublicKeys(uid int64) ([]*PublicKey, error) {
 	keys := make([]*PublicKey, 0, 5)
-	return keys, x.Where("owner_id = ?", uid).Find(&keys)
+	return keys, db.Where("owner_id = ?", uid).Find(&keys).Error
 }

 // UpdatePublicKey updates given public key.
 func UpdatePublicKey(key *PublicKey) error {
-	_, err := x.Id(key.ID).AllCols().Update(key)
-	return err
+	return db.Model(key).Where("id = ?", key.ID).Updates(key).Error
 }

 // deletePublicKeys does the actual key deletion but does not update authorized_keys file.
-func deletePublicKeys(e *xorm.Session, keyIDs ...int64) error {
+func deletePublicKeys(tx *gorm.DB, keyIDs ...int64) error {
 	if len(keyIDs) == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}

-	_, err := e.In("id", keyIDs).Delete(new(PublicKey))
-	return err
+	return tx.Where("id IN ?", keyIDs).Delete(new(PublicKey)).Error
 }

 // DeletePublicKey deletes SSH key information both in database and authorized_keys file.
@@ -494,17 +491,10 @@ func DeletePublicKey(doer *User, id int64) (err error) {
 		return ErrKeyAccessDenied{doer.ID, key.ID, "public"}
 	}

-	sess := x.NewSession()
-	defer sess.Close()
-	if err = sess.Begin(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if err = deletePublicKeys(sess, id); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if err = sess.Commit(); err != nil {
+	err = db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		return deletePublicKeys(tx, id)
+	})
+	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

@@ -531,14 +521,24 @@ func RewriteAuthorizedKeys() error {
 	}
 	defer os.Remove(tmpPath)

-	err = x.Iterate(new(PublicKey), func(idx int, bean any) (err error) {
-		_, err = f.WriteString((bean.(*PublicKey)).AuthorizedString())
-		return err
-	})
-	_ = f.Close()
+	// Use FindInBatches to process keys in chunks to avoid memory issues with large datasets
+	err = db.FindInBatches(&[]PublicKey{}, 100, func(tx *gorm.DB, batch int) error {
+		var keys []PublicKey
+		if err := tx.Find(&keys).Error; err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		for _, key := range keys {
+			if _, err := f.WriteString(key.AuthorizedString()); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	}).Error
 	if err != nil {
+		_ = f.Close()
 		return err
 	}
+	_ = f.Close()

 	if com.IsExist(fpath) {
 		if err = os.Remove(fpath); err != nil {
@@ -562,37 +562,40 @@ func RewriteAuthorizedKeys() error {
 // DeployKey represents deploy key information and its relation with repository.
 type DeployKey struct {
 	ID          int64
-	KeyID       int64 `xorm:"UNIQUE(s) INDEX"`
-	RepoID      int64 `xorm:"UNIQUE(s) INDEX"`
+	KeyID       int64 `gorm:"uniqueIndex:s;index"`
+	RepoID      int64 `gorm:"uniqueIndex:s;index"`
 	Name        string
 	Fingerprint string
-	Content     string `xorm:"-" json:"-" gorm:"-"`
+	Content     string `gorm:"-" json:"-"`

-	Created           time.Time `xorm:"-" json:"-" gorm:"-"`
+	Created           time.Time `gorm:"-" json:"-"`
 	CreatedUnix       int64
-	Updated           time.Time `xorm:"-" json:"-" gorm:"-"` // Note: Updated must below Created for AfterSet.
+	Updated           time.Time `gorm:"-" json:"-"` // Note: Updated must below Created for AfterFind.
 	UpdatedUnix       int64
-	HasRecentActivity bool `xorm:"-" json:"-" gorm:"-"`
-	HasUsed           bool `xorm:"-" json:"-" gorm:"-"`
+	HasRecentActivity bool `gorm:"-" json:"-"`
+	HasUsed           bool `gorm:"-" json:"-"`
 }

-func (k *DeployKey) BeforeInsert() {
-	k.CreatedUnix = time.Now().Unix()
+func (k *DeployKey) BeforeCreate(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+	if k.CreatedUnix == 0 {
+		k.CreatedUnix = tx.NowFunc().Unix()
+	}
+	return nil
 }

-func (k *DeployKey) BeforeUpdate() {
-	k.UpdatedUnix = time.Now().Unix()
+func (k *DeployKey) BeforeUpdate(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+	k.UpdatedUnix = tx.NowFunc().Unix()
+	return nil
 }

-func (k *DeployKey) AfterSet(colName string, _ xorm.Cell) {
-	switch colName {
-	case "created_unix":
-		k.Created = time.Unix(k.CreatedUnix, 0).Local()
-	case "updated_unix":
+func (k *DeployKey) AfterFind(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+	k.Created = time.Unix(k.CreatedUnix, 0).Local()
+	if k.UpdatedUnix > 0 {
 		k.Updated = time.Unix(k.UpdatedUnix, 0).Local()
 		k.HasUsed = k.Updated.After(k.Created)
-		k.HasRecentActivity = k.Updated.Add(7 * 24 * time.Hour).After(time.Now())
+		k.HasRecentActivity = k.Updated.Add(7 * 24 * time.Hour).After(tx.NowFunc())
 	}
+	return nil
 }

 // GetContent gets associated public key content.
@@ -605,28 +608,28 @@ func (k *DeployKey) GetContent() error {
 	return nil
 }

-func checkDeployKey(e Engine, keyID, repoID int64, name string) error {
+func checkDeployKey(tx *gorm.DB, keyID, repoID int64, name string) error {
 	// Note: We want error detail, not just true or false here.
-	has, err := e.Where("key_id = ? AND repo_id = ?", keyID, repoID).Get(new(DeployKey))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	} else if has {
+	err := tx.Where("key_id = ? AND repo_id = ?", keyID, repoID).First(new(DeployKey)).Error
+	if err == nil {
 		return ErrDeployKeyAlreadyExist{keyID, repoID}
+	} else if !errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
+		return err
 	}

-	has, err = e.Where("repo_id = ? AND name = ?", repoID, name).Get(new(DeployKey))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	} else if has {
+	err = tx.Where("repo_id = ? AND name = ?", repoID, name).First(new(DeployKey)).Error
+	if err == nil {
 		return ErrDeployKeyNameAlreadyUsed{repoID, name}
+	} else if !errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
+		return err
 	}

 	return nil
 }

 // addDeployKey adds new key-repo relation.
-func addDeployKey(e *xorm.Session, keyID, repoID int64, name, fingerprint string) (*DeployKey, error) {
-	if err := checkDeployKey(e, keyID, repoID, name); err != nil {
+func addDeployKey(tx *gorm.DB, keyID, repoID int64, name, fingerprint string) (*DeployKey, error) {
+	if err := checkDeployKey(tx, keyID, repoID, name); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

@@ -636,14 +639,14 @@ func addDeployKey(e *xorm.Session, keyID, repoID int64, name, fingerprint string
 		Name:        name,
 		Fingerprint: fingerprint,
 	}
-	_, err := e.Insert(key)
+	err := tx.Create(key).Error
 	return key, err
 }

 // HasDeployKey returns true if public key is a deploy key of given repository.
 func HasDeployKey(keyID, repoID int64) bool {
-	has, _ := x.Where("key_id = ? AND repo_id = ?", keyID, repoID).Get(new(DeployKey))
-	return has
+	err := db.Where("key_id = ? AND repo_id = ?", keyID, repoID).First(new(DeployKey)).Error
+	return err == nil
 }

 // AddDeployKey add new deploy key to database and authorized_keys file.
@@ -657,30 +660,34 @@ func AddDeployKey(repoID int64, name, content string) (*DeployKey, error) {
 		Mode:    AccessModeRead,
 		Type:    KeyTypeDeploy,
 	}
-	has, err := x.Get(pkey)
-	if err != nil {
+	err := db.Where("content = ? AND mode = ? AND type = ?", content, AccessModeRead, KeyTypeDeploy).First(pkey).Error
+	has := err == nil
+	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
 		return nil, err
 	}

-	sess := x.NewSession()
-	defer sess.Close()
-	if err = sess.Begin(); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	// First time use this deploy key.
-	if !has {
-		if err = addKey(sess, pkey); err != nil {
-			return nil, errors.Newf("addKey: %v", err)
+	var key *DeployKey
+	err = db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		// First time use this deploy key.
+		if !has {
+			if err := addKey(tx, pkey); err != nil {
+				return errors.Newf("addKey: %v", err)
+			}
 		}
-	}

-	key, err := addDeployKey(sess, pkey.ID, repoID, name, pkey.Fingerprint)
+		var err error
+		key, err = addDeployKey(tx, pkey.ID, repoID, name, pkey.Fingerprint)
+		if err != nil {
+			return errors.Newf("addDeployKey: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	})
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, errors.Newf("addDeployKey: %v", err)
+		return nil, err
 	}

-	return key, sess.Commit()
+	return key, nil
 }

 var _ errutil.NotFound = (*ErrDeployKeyNotExist)(nil)
@@ -705,11 +712,12 @@ func (ErrDeployKeyNotExist) NotFound() bool {
 // GetDeployKeyByID returns deploy key by given ID.
 func GetDeployKeyByID(id int64) (*DeployKey, error) {
 	key := new(DeployKey)
-	has, err := x.Id(id).Get(key)
+	err := db.Where("id = ?", id).First(key).Error
 	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
+			return nil, ErrDeployKeyNotExist{args: map[string]any{"deployKeyID": id}}
+		}
 		return nil, err
-	} else if !has {
-		return nil, ErrDeployKeyNotExist{args: map[string]any{"deployKeyID": id}}
 	}
 	return key, nil
 }
@@ -720,19 +728,19 @@ func GetDeployKeyByRepo(keyID, repoID int64) (*DeployKey, error) {
 		KeyID:  keyID,
 		RepoID: repoID,
 	}
-	has, err := x.Get(key)
+	err := db.Where("key_id = ? AND repo_id = ?", keyID, repoID).First(key).Error
 	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
+			return nil, ErrDeployKeyNotExist{args: map[string]any{"keyID": keyID, "repoID": repoID}}
+		}
 		return nil, err
-	} else if !has {
-		return nil, ErrDeployKeyNotExist{args: map[string]any{"keyID": keyID, "repoID": repoID}}
 	}
 	return key, nil
 }

 // UpdateDeployKey updates deploy key information.
 func UpdateDeployKey(key *DeployKey) error {
-	_, err := x.Id(key.ID).AllCols().Update(key)
-	return err
+	return db.Model(key).Where("id = ?", key.ID).Updates(key).Error
 }

 // DeleteDeployKey deletes deploy key from its repository authorized_keys file if needed.
@@ -761,31 +769,27 @@ func DeleteDeployKey(doer *User, id int64) error {
 		}
 	}

-	sess := x.NewSession()
-	defer sess.Close()
-	if err = sess.Begin(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
+	return db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		if err := tx.Where("id = ?", key.ID).Delete(new(DeployKey)).Error; err != nil {
+			return errors.Newf("delete deploy key [%d]: %v", key.ID, err)
+		}

-	if _, err = sess.ID(key.ID).Delete(new(DeployKey)); err != nil {
-		return errors.Newf("delete deploy key [%d]: %v", key.ID, err)
-	}
-
-	// Check if this is the last reference to same key content.
-	has, err := sess.Where("key_id = ?", key.KeyID).Get(new(DeployKey))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	} else if !has {
-		if err = deletePublicKeys(sess, key.KeyID); err != nil {
+		// Check if this is the last reference to same key content.
+		err := tx.Where("key_id = ?", key.KeyID).First(new(DeployKey)).Error
+		if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
+			if err = deletePublicKeys(tx, key.KeyID); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		} else if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-	}

-	return sess.Commit()
+		return nil
+	})
 }

 // ListDeployKeys returns all deploy keys by given repository ID.
 func ListDeployKeys(repoID int64) ([]*DeployKey, error) {
 	keys := make([]*DeployKey, 0, 5)
-	return keys, x.Where("repo_id = ?", repoID).Find(&keys)
+	return keys, db.Where("repo_id = ?", repoID).Find(&keys).Error
 }
--- a/internal/database/two_factor.go
+++ b/internal/database/two_factor.go
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/cockroachdb/errors"
 	"github.com/pquerna/otp/totp"
 	"github.com/unknwon/com"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"

 	"gogs.io/gogs/internal/conf"
 	"gogs.io/gogs/internal/cryptoutil"
@@ -37,20 +38,16 @@ func (t *TwoFactor) ValidateTOTP(passcode string) (bool, error) {
 }

 // DeleteTwoFactor removes two-factor authentication token and recovery codes of given user.
-func DeleteTwoFactor(userID int64) (err error) {
-	sess := x.NewSession()
-	defer sess.Close()
-	if err = sess.Begin(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if _, err = sess.Where("user_id = ?", userID).Delete(new(TwoFactor)); err != nil {
-		return errors.Newf("delete two-factor: %v", err)
-	} else if err = deleteRecoveryCodesByUserID(sess, userID); err != nil {
-		return errors.Newf("deleteRecoveryCodesByUserID: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	return sess.Commit()
+func DeleteTwoFactor(userID int64) error {
+	return db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		if err := tx.Where("user_id = ?", userID).Delete(new(TwoFactor)).Error; err != nil {
+			return errors.Newf("delete two-factor: %v", err)
+		}
+		if err := deleteRecoveryCodesByUserID(tx, userID); err != nil {
+			return errors.Newf("deleteRecoveryCodesByUserID: %v", err)
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
 }

 // TwoFactorRecoveryCode represents a two-factor authentication recovery code.
@@ -64,12 +61,11 @@ type TwoFactorRecoveryCode struct {
 // GetRecoveryCodesByUserID returns all recovery codes of given user.
 func GetRecoveryCodesByUserID(userID int64) ([]*TwoFactorRecoveryCode, error) {
 	recoveryCodes := make([]*TwoFactorRecoveryCode, 0, 10)
-	return recoveryCodes, x.Where("user_id = ?", userID).Find(&recoveryCodes)
+	return recoveryCodes, db.Where("user_id = ?", userID).Find(&recoveryCodes).Error
 }

-func deleteRecoveryCodesByUserID(e Engine, userID int64) error {
-	_, err := e.Where("user_id = ?", userID).Delete(new(TwoFactorRecoveryCode))
-	return err
+func deleteRecoveryCodesByUserID(e *gorm.DB, userID int64) error {
+	return e.Where("user_id = ?", userID).Delete(&TwoFactorRecoveryCode{}).Error
 }

 // RegenerateRecoveryCodes regenerates new set of recovery codes for given user.
@@ -79,19 +75,15 @@ func RegenerateRecoveryCodes(userID int64) error {
 		return errors.Newf("generateRecoveryCodes: %v", err)
 	}

-	sess := x.NewSession()
-	defer sess.Close()
-	if err = sess.Begin(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if err = deleteRecoveryCodesByUserID(sess, userID); err != nil {
-		return errors.Newf("deleteRecoveryCodesByUserID: %v", err)
-	} else if _, err = sess.Insert(recoveryCodes); err != nil {
-		return errors.Newf("insert new recovery codes: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	return sess.Commit()
+	return db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		if err := deleteRecoveryCodesByUserID(tx, userID); err != nil {
+			return errors.Newf("deleteRecoveryCodesByUserID: %v", err)
+		}
+		if err := tx.Create(recoveryCodes).Error; err != nil {
+			return errors.Newf("insert new recovery codes: %v", err)
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
 }

 type ErrTwoFactorRecoveryCodeNotFound struct {
--- a/internal/database/webhook.go
+++ b/internal/database/webhook.go
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/cockroachdb/errors"
 	jsoniter "github.com/json-iterator/go"
 	gouuid "github.com/satori/go.uuid"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
 	log "unknwon.dev/clog/v2"
-	"xorm.io/xorm"

 	api "github.com/gogs/go-gogs-client"

@@ -95,45 +95,42 @@ type Webhook struct {
 	ID           int64
 	RepoID       int64
 	OrgID        int64
-	URL          string `xorm:"url TEXT"`
+	URL          string `gorm:"type:text;column:url"`
 	ContentType  HookContentType
-	Secret       string     `xorm:"TEXT"`
-	Events       string     `xorm:"TEXT"`
-	*HookEvent   `xorm:"-"` // LEGACY [1.0]: Cannot ignore JSON (i.e. json:"-") here, it breaks old backup archive
-	IsSSL        bool       `xorm:"is_ssl"`
+	Secret       string     `gorm:"type:text"`
+	Events       string     `gorm:"type:text"`
+	*HookEvent   `gorm:"-"` // LEGACY [1.0]: Cannot ignore JSON (i.e. json:"-") here, it breaks old backup archive
+	IsSSL        bool       `gorm:"column:is_ssl"`
 	IsActive     bool
 	HookTaskType HookTaskType
-	Meta         string     `xorm:"TEXT"` // store hook-specific attributes
+	Meta         string     `gorm:"type:text"` // store hook-specific attributes
 	LastStatus   HookStatus // Last delivery status

-	Created     time.Time `xorm:"-" json:"-" gorm:"-"`
+	Created     time.Time `gorm:"-" json:"-"`
 	CreatedUnix int64
-	Updated     time.Time `xorm:"-" json:"-" gorm:"-"`
+	Updated     time.Time `gorm:"-" json:"-"`
 	UpdatedUnix int64
 }

-func (w *Webhook) BeforeInsert() {
-	w.CreatedUnix = time.Now().Unix()
+func (w *Webhook) BeforeCreate(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+	w.CreatedUnix = tx.NowFunc().Unix()
 	w.UpdatedUnix = w.CreatedUnix
+	return nil
 }

-func (w *Webhook) BeforeUpdate() {
-	w.UpdatedUnix = time.Now().Unix()
+func (w *Webhook) BeforeUpdate(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+	w.UpdatedUnix = tx.NowFunc().Unix()
+	return nil
 }

-func (w *Webhook) AfterSet(colName string, _ xorm.Cell) {
-	var err error
-	switch colName {
-	case "events":
-		w.HookEvent = &HookEvent{}
-		if err = jsoniter.Unmarshal([]byte(w.Events), w.HookEvent); err != nil {
-			log.Error("Unmarshal [%d]: %v", w.ID, err)
-		}
-	case "created_unix":
-		w.Created = time.Unix(w.CreatedUnix, 0).Local()
-	case "updated_unix":
-		w.Updated = time.Unix(w.UpdatedUnix, 0).Local()
+func (w *Webhook) AfterFind(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+	w.HookEvent = &HookEvent{}
+	if err := jsoniter.Unmarshal([]byte(w.Events), w.HookEvent); err != nil {
+		log.Error("Unmarshal [%d]: %v", w.ID, err)
 	}
+	w.Created = time.Unix(w.CreatedUnix, 0).Local()
+	w.Updated = time.Unix(w.UpdatedUnix, 0).Local()
+	return nil
 }

 func (w *Webhook) SlackMeta() *SlackMeta {
@@ -231,8 +228,7 @@ func (w *Webhook) EventsArray() []string {

 // CreateWebhook creates a new web hook.
 func CreateWebhook(w *Webhook) error {
-	_, err := x.Insert(w)
-	return err
+	return db.Create(w).Error
 }

 var _ errutil.NotFound = (*ErrWebhookNotExist)(nil)
@@ -257,11 +253,12 @@ func (ErrWebhookNotExist) NotFound() bool {
 // getWebhook uses argument bean as query condition,
 // ID must be specified and do not assign unnecessary fields.
 func getWebhook(bean *Webhook) (*Webhook, error) {
-	has, err := x.Get(bean)
+	err := db.Where(bean).First(bean).Error
 	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
+			return nil, ErrWebhookNotExist{args: map[string]any{"webhookID": bean.ID}}
+		}
 		return nil, err
-	} else if !has {
-		return nil, ErrWebhookNotExist{args: map[string]any{"webhookID": bean.ID}}
 	}
 	return bean, nil
 }
@@ -292,39 +289,34 @@ func GetWebhookByOrgID(orgID, id int64) (*Webhook, error) {
 }

 // getActiveWebhooksByRepoID returns all active webhooks of repository.
-func getActiveWebhooksByRepoID(e Engine, repoID int64) ([]*Webhook, error) {
+func getActiveWebhooksByRepoID(tx *gorm.DB, repoID int64) ([]*Webhook, error) {
 	webhooks := make([]*Webhook, 0, 5)
-	return webhooks, e.Where("repo_id = ?", repoID).And("is_active = ?", true).Find(&webhooks)
+	return webhooks, tx.Where("repo_id = ? AND is_active = ?", repoID, true).Find(&webhooks).Error
 }

 // GetWebhooksByRepoID returns all webhooks of a repository.
 func GetWebhooksByRepoID(repoID int64) ([]*Webhook, error) {
 	webhooks := make([]*Webhook, 0, 5)
-	return webhooks, x.Find(&webhooks, &Webhook{RepoID: repoID})
+	return webhooks, db.Where("repo_id = ?", repoID).Find(&webhooks).Error
 }

 // UpdateWebhook updates information of webhook.
 func UpdateWebhook(w *Webhook) error {
-	_, err := x.Id(w.ID).AllCols().Update(w)
-	return err
+	return db.Model(w).Where("id = ?", w.ID).Updates(w).Error
 }

 // deleteWebhook uses argument bean as query condition,
 // ID must be specified and do not assign unnecessary fields.
-func deleteWebhook(bean *Webhook) (err error) {
-	sess := x.NewSession()
-	defer sess.Close()
-	if err = sess.Begin(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if _, err = sess.Delete(bean); err != nil {
-		return err
-	} else if _, err = sess.Delete(&HookTask{HookID: bean.ID}); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return sess.Commit()
+func deleteWebhook(bean *Webhook) error {
+	return db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		if err := tx.Delete(bean).Error; err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if err := tx.Where("hook_id = ?", bean.ID).Delete(&HookTask{}).Error; err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
 }

 // DeleteWebhookOfRepoByID deletes webhook of repository by given ID.
@@ -345,14 +337,14 @@ func DeleteWebhookOfOrgByID(orgID, id int64) error {

 // GetWebhooksByOrgID returns all webhooks for an organization.
 func GetWebhooksByOrgID(orgID int64) (ws []*Webhook, err error) {
-	err = x.Find(&ws, &Webhook{OrgID: orgID})
+	err = db.Where("org_id = ?", orgID).Find(&ws).Error
 	return ws, err
 }

 // getActiveWebhooksByOrgID returns all active webhooks for an organization.
-func getActiveWebhooksByOrgID(e Engine, orgID int64) ([]*Webhook, error) {
+func getActiveWebhooksByOrgID(tx *gorm.DB, orgID int64) ([]*Webhook, error) {
 	ws := make([]*Webhook, 0, 3)
-	return ws, e.Where("org_id=?", orgID).And("is_active=?", true).Find(&ws)
+	return ws, tx.Where("org_id = ? AND is_active = ?", orgID, true).Find(&ws).Error
 }

 //   ___ ___                __   ___________              __
@@ -431,64 +423,56 @@ type HookResponse struct {
 // HookTask represents a hook task.
 type HookTask struct {
 	ID              int64
-	RepoID          int64 `xorm:"INDEX"`
+	RepoID          int64 `gorm:"index"`
 	HookID          int64
 	UUID            string
 	Type            HookTaskType
-	URL             string `xorm:"TEXT"`
-	Signature       string `xorm:"TEXT"`
-	api.Payloader   `xorm:"-" json:"-" gorm:"-"`
-	PayloadContent  string `xorm:"TEXT"`
+	URL             string `gorm:"type:text"`
+	Signature       string `gorm:"type:text"`
+	api.Payloader   `gorm:"-" json:"-"`
+	PayloadContent  string `gorm:"type:text"`
 	ContentType     HookContentType
 	EventType       HookEventType
 	IsSSL           bool
 	IsDelivered     bool
 	Delivered       int64
-	DeliveredString string `xorm:"-" json:"-" gorm:"-"`
+	DeliveredString string `gorm:"-" json:"-"`

 	// History info.
 	IsSucceed       bool
-	RequestContent  string        `xorm:"TEXT"`
-	RequestInfo     *HookRequest  `xorm:"-" json:"-" gorm:"-"`
-	ResponseContent string        `xorm:"TEXT"`
-	ResponseInfo    *HookResponse `xorm:"-" json:"-" gorm:"-"`
+	RequestContent  string        `gorm:"type:text"`
+	RequestInfo     *HookRequest  `gorm:"-" json:"-"`
+	ResponseContent string        `gorm:"type:text"`
+	ResponseInfo    *HookResponse `gorm:"-" json:"-"`
 }

-func (t *HookTask) BeforeUpdate() {
+func (t *HookTask) BeforeUpdate(tx *gorm.DB) error {
 	if t.RequestInfo != nil {
 		t.RequestContent = t.ToJSON(t.RequestInfo)
 	}
 	if t.ResponseInfo != nil {
 		t.ResponseContent = t.ToJSON(t.ResponseInfo)
 	}
+	return nil
 }

-func (t *HookTask) AfterSet(colName string, _ xorm.Cell) {
-	var err error
-	switch colName {
-	case "delivered":
-		t.DeliveredString = time.Unix(0, t.Delivered).Format("2006-01-02 15:04:05 MST")
-
-	case "request_content":
-		if t.RequestContent == "" {
-			return
-		}
+func (t *HookTask) AfterFind(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+	t.DeliveredString = time.Unix(0, t.Delivered).Format("2006-01-02 15:04:05 MST")

+	if t.RequestContent != "" {
 		t.RequestInfo = &HookRequest{}
-		if err = jsoniter.Unmarshal([]byte(t.RequestContent), t.RequestInfo); err != nil {
+		if err := jsoniter.Unmarshal([]byte(t.RequestContent), t.RequestInfo); err != nil {
 			log.Error("Unmarshal[%d]: %v", t.ID, err)
 		}
+	}

-	case "response_content":
-		if t.ResponseContent == "" {
-			return
-		}
-
+	if t.ResponseContent != "" {
 		t.ResponseInfo = &HookResponse{}
-		if err = jsoniter.Unmarshal([]byte(t.ResponseContent), t.ResponseInfo); err != nil {
+		if err := jsoniter.Unmarshal([]byte(t.ResponseContent), t.ResponseInfo); err != nil {
 			log.Error("Unmarshal [%d]: %v", t.ID, err)
 		}
 	}
+	return nil
 }

 func (t *HookTask) ToJSON(v any) string {
@@ -502,20 +486,19 @@ func (t *HookTask) ToJSON(v any) string {
 // HookTasks returns a list of hook tasks by given conditions.
 func HookTasks(hookID int64, page int) ([]*HookTask, error) {
 	tasks := make([]*HookTask, 0, conf.Webhook.PagingNum)
-	return tasks, x.Limit(conf.Webhook.PagingNum, (page-1)*conf.Webhook.PagingNum).Where("hook_id=?", hookID).Desc("id").Find(&tasks)
+	return tasks, db.Where("hook_id = ?", hookID).Order("id DESC").Limit(conf.Webhook.PagingNum).Offset((page - 1) * conf.Webhook.PagingNum).Find(&tasks).Error
 }

 // createHookTask creates a new hook task,
 // it handles conversion from Payload to PayloadContent.
-func createHookTask(e Engine, t *HookTask) error {
+func createHookTask(tx *gorm.DB, t *HookTask) error {
 	data, err := t.JSONPayload()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	t.UUID = gouuid.NewV4().String()
 	t.PayloadContent = string(data)
-	_, err = e.Insert(t)
-	return err
+	return tx.Create(t).Error
 }

 var _ errutil.NotFound = (*ErrHookTaskNotExist)(nil)
@@ -543,23 +526,23 @@ func GetHookTaskOfWebhookByUUID(webhookID int64, uuid string) (*HookTask, error)
 		HookID: webhookID,
 		UUID:   uuid,
 	}
-	has, err := x.Get(hookTask)
+	err := db.Where("hook_id = ? AND uuid = ?", webhookID, uuid).First(hookTask).Error
 	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
+			return nil, ErrHookTaskNotExist{args: map[string]any{"webhookID": webhookID, "uuid": uuid}}
+		}
 		return nil, err
-	} else if !has {
-		return nil, ErrHookTaskNotExist{args: map[string]any{"webhookID": webhookID, "uuid": uuid}}
 	}
 	return hookTask, nil
 }

 // UpdateHookTask updates information of hook task.
 func UpdateHookTask(t *HookTask) error {
-	_, err := x.Id(t.ID).AllCols().Update(t)
-	return err
+	return db.Model(t).Where("id = ?", t.ID).Updates(t).Error
 }

 // prepareHookTasks adds list of webhooks to task queue.
-func prepareHookTasks(e Engine, repo *Repository, event HookEventType, p api.Payloader, webhooks []*Webhook) (err error) {
+func prepareHookTasks(tx *gorm.DB, repo *Repository, event HookEventType, p api.Payloader, webhooks []*Webhook) (err error) {
 	if len(webhooks) == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -633,7 +616,7 @@ func prepareHookTasks(e Engine, repo *Repository, event HookEventType, p api.Pay
 			signature = hex.EncodeToString(sig.Sum(nil))
 		}

-		if err = createHookTask(e, &HookTask{
+		if err = createHookTask(tx, &HookTask{
 			RepoID:      repo.ID,
 			HookID:      w.ID,
 			Type:        w.HookTaskType,
@@ -655,32 +638,32 @@ func prepareHookTasks(e Engine, repo *Repository, event HookEventType, p api.Pay
 	return nil
 }

-func prepareWebhooks(e Engine, repo *Repository, event HookEventType, p api.Payloader) error {
-	webhooks, err := getActiveWebhooksByRepoID(e, repo.ID)
+func prepareWebhooks(tx *gorm.DB, repo *Repository, event HookEventType, p api.Payloader) error {
+	webhooks, err := getActiveWebhooksByRepoID(tx, repo.ID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return errors.Newf("getActiveWebhooksByRepoID [%d]: %v", repo.ID, err)
 	}

 	// check if repo belongs to org and append additional webhooks
-	if repo.mustOwner(e).IsOrganization() {
+	if repo.mustOwner(tx).IsOrganization() {
 		// get hooks for org
-		orgws, err := getActiveWebhooksByOrgID(e, repo.OwnerID)
+		orgws, err := getActiveWebhooksByOrgID(tx, repo.OwnerID)
 		if err != nil {
 			return errors.Newf("getActiveWebhooksByOrgID [%d]: %v", repo.OwnerID, err)
 		}
 		webhooks = append(webhooks, orgws...)
 	}
-	return prepareHookTasks(e, repo, event, p, webhooks)
+	return prepareHookTasks(tx, repo, event, p, webhooks)
 }

 // PrepareWebhooks adds all active webhooks to task queue.
 func PrepareWebhooks(repo *Repository, event HookEventType, p api.Payloader) error {
 	// NOTE: To prevent too many cascading changes in a single refactoring PR, we
 	// choose to ignore this function in tests.
-	if x == nil && testutil.InTest {
+	if db == nil && testutil.InTest {
 		return nil
 	}
-	return prepareWebhooks(x, repo, event, p)
+	return prepareWebhooks(db, repo, event, p)
 }

 // TestWebhook adds the test webhook matches the ID to task queue.
@@ -689,7 +672,7 @@ func TestWebhook(repo *Repository, event HookEventType, p api.Payloader, webhook
 	if err != nil {
 		return errors.Newf("GetWebhookOfRepoByID [repo_id: %d, id: %d]: %v", repo.ID, webhookID, err)
 	}
-	return prepareHookTasks(x, repo, event, p, []*Webhook{webhook})
+	return prepareHookTasks(db, repo, event, p, []*Webhook{webhook})
 }

 func (t *HookTask) deliver() {
@@ -784,18 +767,15 @@ func (t *HookTask) deliver() {
 // TODO: shoot more hooks at same time.
 func DeliverHooks() {
 	tasks := make([]*HookTask, 0, 10)
-	_ = x.Where("is_delivered = ?", false).Iterate(new(HookTask),
-		func(idx int, bean any) error {
-			t := bean.(*HookTask)
+	err := db.Where("is_delivered = ?", false).Find(&tasks).Error
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("Find undelivered hook tasks: %v", err)
+	} else {
+		for _, t := range tasks {
 			t.deliver()
-			tasks = append(tasks, t)
-			return nil
-		})
-
-	// Update hook task status.
-	for _, t := range tasks {
-		if err := UpdateHookTask(t); err != nil {
-			log.Error("UpdateHookTask [%d]: %v", t.ID, err)
+			if err := UpdateHookTask(t); err != nil {
+				log.Error("UpdateHookTask [%d]: %v", t.ID, err)
+			}
 		}
 	}

@@ -805,7 +785,7 @@ func DeliverHooks() {
 		HookQueue.Remove(repoID)

 		tasks = make([]*HookTask, 0, 5)
-		if err := x.Where("repo_id = ?", repoID).And("is_delivered = ?", false).Find(&tasks); err != nil {
+		if err := db.Where("repo_id = ? AND is_delivered = ?", repoID, false).Find(&tasks).Error; err != nil {
 			log.Error("Get repository [%s] hook tasks: %v", repoID, err)
 			continue
 		}
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
copilot-swe-agent[bot]	074714d61f	Fix lint and MySQL test failures: remove unused function and fix UUID column type Co-authored-by: unknwon <2946214+unknwon@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-01-24 16:53:49 +00:00
copilot-swe-agent[bot]	68f049ad15	Replace XORM with GORM while maintaining functionality Co-authored-by: unknwon <2946214+unknwon@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-01-24 16:20:20 +00:00
copilot-swe-agent[bot]	ec5eede78f	Fix code review issues: FindInBatches usage and memory optimization Co-authored-by: unknwon <2946214+unknwon@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-01-24 16:17:07 +00:00
copilot-swe-agent[bot]	06b85ac5ba	Convert remaining files from XORM to GORM and fix unused imports Co-authored-by: unknwon <2946214+unknwon@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-01-24 16:11:35 +00:00
copilot-swe-agent[bot]	c74b48bd2d	Convert repo_branch.go and repo_collaboration.go from XORM to GORM Co-authored-by: unknwon <2946214+unknwon@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-01-24 16:10:14 +00:00
copilot-swe-agent[bot]	e89db8393d	Fix transaction scope issues in repo.go UpdateRepository and DeleteRepository Co-authored-by: unknwon <2946214+unknwon@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-01-24 16:03:10 +00:00
copilot-swe-agent[bot]	653c95c842	Complete XORM to GORM migration for issue.go, pull.go, and repo.go Co-authored-by: unknwon <2946214+unknwon@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-01-24 16:01:10 +00:00
deepsource-autofix[bot]	dfc768b968	style: format code with Go fmt and Gofumpt This commit fixes the style issues introduced in `63221df` according to the output from Go fmt and Gofumpt. Details: https://github.com/gogs/gogs/pull/8105	2026-01-24 16:00:41 +00:00
copilot-swe-agent[bot]	63221dfec3	Complete XORM to GORM migration for internal/database/repo.go - Replace import "xorm.io/xorm" with "gorm.io/gorm" - Replace all Engine parameters with gorm.DB - Replace xorm.Session parameters with *gorm.DB - Convert all database queries from XORM to GORM syntax: - e.ID(id).Get(&model) → db.First(&model, id).Error - e.Insert(&model) → db.Create(&model).Error - e.Update(&model) → db.Updates(&model).Error - e.In("col", values) → db.Where("col IN ?", values) - e.Find(&results) → db.Find(&results).Error - e.Iterate() → db.FindInBatches() - Convert transaction patterns from NewSession/Begin/Commit to db.Transaction() - Replace global x variable with db - Convert XORM AfterSet callback to GORM AfterFind hook - Handle gorm.ErrRecordNotFound for missing records - Fix related files: repositories.go, repo_collaboration.go, two_factor.go Co-authored-by: unknwon <2946214+unknwon@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-01-24 16:00:27 +00:00
deepsource-autofix[bot]	d2ff1fa978	style: format code with Go fmt and Gofumpt This commit fixes the style issues introduced in `748ecbf` according to the output from Go fmt and Gofumpt. Details: https://github.com/gogs/gogs/pull/8105	2026-01-24 15:48:04 +00:00
copilot-swe-agent[bot]	748ecbfdf3	Complete XORM to GORM migration for internal/database/pull.go Co-authored-by: unknwon <2946214+unknwon@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-01-24 15:47:50 +00:00
copilot-swe-agent[bot]	04d063c65d	Complete XORM to GORM migration for issue.go and pull.go Co-authored-by: unknwon <2946214+unknwon@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-01-24 15:43:22 +00:00
copilot-swe-agent[bot]	eebe4065c6	Migrate internal/database/backup.go from XORM to GORM Co-authored-by: unknwon <2946214+unknwon@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-01-24 01:21:38 +00:00
copilot-swe-agent[bot]	de9f03d533	Migrate webhook.go, org_team.go, ssh_key.go from XORM to GORM Co-authored-by: unknwon <2946214+unknwon@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-01-24 01:17:45 +00:00
copilot-swe-agent[bot]	8d43893af2	Migrate internal/database/ssh_key.go from XORM to GORM Co-authored-by: unknwon <2946214+unknwon@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-01-24 01:15:23 +00:00
copilot-swe-agent[bot]	233f0fb18d	Migrate internal/database/org_team.go from XORM to GORM Co-authored-by: unknwon <2946214+unknwon@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-01-24 01:07:23 +00:00
copilot-swe-agent[bot]	aba381e7f8	Migrate webhook.go from XORM to GORM Co-authored-by: unknwon <2946214+unknwon@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-01-24 01:00:42 +00:00
deepsource-autofix[bot]	1a285ca5ce	style: format code with Go fmt and Gofumpt This commit fixes the style issues introduced in `b74ce2f` according to the output from Go fmt and Gofumpt. Details: https://github.com/gogs/gogs/pull/8105	2026-01-24 00:52:55 +00:00
copilot-swe-agent[bot]	b74ce2f6bc	Migrate org.go from XORM to GORM Co-authored-by: unknwon <2946214+unknwon@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-01-24 00:52:43 +00:00
deepsource-autofix[bot]	5469f017bc	style: format code with Go fmt and Gofumpt This commit fixes the style issues introduced in `cddfd5f` according to the output from Go fmt and Gofumpt. Details: https://github.com/gogs/gogs/pull/8105	2026-01-24 00:51:36 +00:00
copilot-swe-agent[bot]	cddfd5fbb9	Migrate issue_label.go and comment.go from XORM to GORM Co-authored-by: unknwon <2946214+unknwon@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-01-24 00:51:00 +00:00
deepsource-autofix[bot]	9bd5123bcf	style: format code with Go fmt and Gofumpt This commit fixes the style issues introduced in `589bf5f` according to the output from Go fmt and Gofumpt. Details: https://github.com/gogs/gogs/pull/8105	2026-01-24 00:47:06 +00:00
copilot-swe-agent[bot]	589bf5f532	Convert release.go from XORM to GORM Co-authored-by: unknwon <2946214+unknwon@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-01-24 00:46:54 +00:00
copilot-swe-agent[bot]	9d9175df80	Convert mirror.go from XORM to GORM Co-authored-by: unknwon <2946214+unknwon@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-01-24 00:45:29 +00:00
deepsource-autofix[bot]	e3e107f95d	style: format code with Go fmt and Gofumpt This commit fixes the style issues introduced in `36833b1` according to the output from Go fmt and Gofumpt. Details: https://github.com/gogs/gogs/pull/8105	2026-01-24 00:44:38 +00:00
copilot-swe-agent[bot]	36833b135e	Convert milestone.go from XORM to GORM Co-authored-by: unknwon <2946214+unknwon@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-01-24 00:44:21 +00:00
deepsource-autofix[bot]	d5954c42eb	style: format code with Go fmt and Gofumpt This commit fixes the style issues introduced in `f9478a3` according to the output from Go fmt and Gofumpt. Details: https://github.com/gogs/gogs/pull/8105	2026-01-24 00:43:07 +00:00
copilot-swe-agent[bot]	f9478a3f76	Initial XORM to GORM migration: models.go and attachment.go converted Co-authored-by: unknwon <2946214+unknwon@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-01-24 00:42:51 +00:00
copilot-swe-agent[bot]	9bfb9a719b	Initial plan	2026-01-24 00:34:38 +00:00